The Crucible with Related Text - 865 Words

Belonging can be defined as the process of the association with the human race as socially active characters. It is part of the human condition which represents the need for security, safety and acceptance. An aspect of belonging such as isolation can be associated with the concept of belonging, as not belonging is a reciprocal process of belonging. Belonging allows for the authentication of characters through the formation of identity and connections. Belonging is the human need for wellbeing, acceptance and social security. One belongs to a group, a family, a unit, and one can also be isolated from groups and rejected from communities. Through analysis of The Crucible by Arthur Miller and the feature article, A Dangerous mind offers an†¦show more content†¦She has no power, possession, belonging, or respect. She is an outcast who desires to belong as shown by Miller through the emotionally charged plea of Abigail â€Å"I am a good girl, a proper girl! She made me do it!† .It is with great dramatic irony that the same child whom attains belonging by accusing others would ask Danforth â€Å"Let you beware Mr Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of hell may not turn your wits?† This is demonstrating both dramatic and verbal irony of her actions and the establishments of her ignorance. On the other hand Danforth is the personified symbol of rigid social bonds. He calls out to Goody Nurse â€Å"Do yo u know who I am? Mrs. Nurse† showcasing how his place in society calls for respect and power. His statement of oppressive power over those who belong to his address is further reflected in his parable â€Å"Hang them high over the town, who weeps for these, weeps for corruption.† Suggesting that his power holds hostage over the belonging of those who may rebel, thus showing the power of belonging in creating identities and the human need for acceptance and security. The Crucible is a reflection of how society treats those who belong and those who do not, and the community of Salem echoes the obsession with prejudgment in today’s societies, thus resulting in a characters tendency to either belong or not belong. The text that reflects these notions of belonging is the feature article, AShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible; Belonging and Identity. Pans Labyrinth and the Company of Wolves as Related Texts1999 Words   |  8 PagesThe Crucible Discussion Notes. One’s belonging will always be entrenched in the ‘belonging’ established by another group; regardless of whether or not you wish to be a part of such a group. That is to say, even if it is your aim to find your sense of belonging totally outside of another group, the course of action required to achieve this belonging through not belonging will be influenced by the sense of belonging established by the group; in your wish to contrast that belonging. A less convolutedRead MoreThe Crucible Compare And Contrast Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible is play by Arthur Miller, made in 1953 and it is about a fictional story of The Salem witch trials that occurred in the late 1600’s. The film, The Crucible, was made in 1996, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and was made to show Millers work on the big screen so it could appeal to the new generation. The film and the text, The Crucible, have numerous similarities, yet in addition the movie will give you a better understanding of Arthur Millers work. Characterization in the play and inRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller771 Words   |  4 Pagescircumstances test are mental strength and how strong our morals are. In Arthur Miller s, The Crucible, several characters in Salem, Massachusetts were tested internally by the Witch Trials. In his play he uses examples of how difficult situations can bring out a person s true self. Using the word crucible has a significance between the characters and title since the definition is a severe trial. In The Crucible John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, and Giles Corey are characters who illustrate being tested duringRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller985 Words   |  4 Pagescircumstances test are mental strength and how strong our morals are. In Arthur Miller s, The Crucible, several characters in Salem, Massachusetts were tested internally by the Witch Trials. In his play he uses examples of how tough situations can bring out a person s true self. Using the word crucible has a significance be tween the characters and title since the definition is a severe trial. In The Crucible John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, and Giles Corey are characters who illustrate being tested byRead MoreA Reflection On The Assessment Of Leadership And Collaboration1666 Words   |  7 Pages Morgan also likes to pause the film to give â€Å"footnote† information or background material of information the students have prior knowledge of; one example being the Salem Witch Trails and how those events inspired the events taking place in The Crucible. An educator should use multiple methods of assessment to provide insight into student growth by allowing self-evaluation and self-reflection on their personal effectiveness as an educator. Assessment and reflection will benefit theRead Moredead poets society Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesenrich or limit their experience of belonging† Discuss this view with detailed reference to your prescribed text at least ONE other related text of your own choosing. An individual’s interaction can indeed enrich or limit one’s experience of belonging, as belonging is one of the essential needs of any human being. Belonging can be seen in the prescribed text of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Peter Weir’s Dead Poets Society Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, where the central charactersRead MoreThe Crucible Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pages------------------------------------------------- THE CRUCIBLE ESSAY ‘The Crucible’ written by Arthur Miller and my related material ‘Happy Feet’ by George Miller is true to this statement â€Å"Understanding nourishes belonging†¦a lack of understanding prevents it† that represents the interpretation of belonging. To define belong is to have the correct personal and social assets to be a member of a particular group or it could be to fit a particular environment. By a sense of place, people youRead MoreEssay about Senator Joseph McCarthy and Communism1192 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph McCarthy had a bigger role in American history than strictly related to his politics. The hunts McCarthy led for nonexistent Communists were referred to as witch hunts, just as Salem had tried at the end of the 20th century to find a characteristic in a person that just wasn’t there. This very concept, as well as fear of being accused a communist himself if he outwardly opposed, caused Arthur Miller to write â€Å"The Crucible† to compare the unjust treatment on the American people during the realRead Moreâ€Å"Red Alert Is The Colour Of Panic. Elevated To The Point1704 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience the feeling of what it is like to be in the middle of mass hysteria and trying to escape that life. Just as people felt During the Cold War and the Salem Witch Trials. The Crucible takes place in Salem, Massachusetts when he wrote the play in 1953 during the Cold War between the United States and Russia. The Crucible presents an allegory for events in contemporary America. Miller proves that when you plant a seed of lies it will begin to grow and cause mass hysteria allowing everything to snowballRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay2387 Words   |  10 PagesIn the literary piece, â€Å"The Crucible†, we are able to analyze the play with multiple theories or lenses, The play, which was written in the 1956 by Arthur Miller, is a play full of lust, passion, and lies. It all started when a small village which was once all about religion and simplicity and became a one stop ride to hell and eternal hanging. Tituba, Abigail, and the others were originally caught dancing and evoking the devil himself by Reverend Parris. Hysteria was what Parris originally reported

Business Plan Name Course Instructor’s Free Essays

A business plan is a written document stating the aims, mission, vision, objectives, and the general management, cost incurred and planning how you will achieve what you want (McKeever, 2008). It is a very important document for it will underline guidelines for future purpose of the organization and start to establish baselines for success (Abrams Kleiner, 2003). A well written business plan should contain a three to five-year cash flow projection. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan Name Course Instructor’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now This cash flow will aid the investors in deciding wisely about the business and make you to realize how much capital is required to start the running of the business. It should deeply define the business operation that includes marketing strategies, and procedures to be followed to attract the customers. It might also project various strategies that display the leadership styles to be portrayed by the leaders, which should be transparent and flexible. Business plans are established for various objectives for example an organization might be searching for finances from investors; a group would be in need of bank loan while others will want to plan organizations strategy to be sure the organization is successful. No matter the purpose all types of business requires a business plan. Steps in writing an excellent business plan: Lay down the main purpose of the business Collect all the needed data and information of the business purpose Focus on the purpose based on the compiled information Important factors of a business plan A good business plan should always fit the business need – It is possible to establish a business plan that is so excellent but can only be understood by internal members while it is also possible to develop an excellent and well researched business plan that has no use. The business needs should be highly considered especially its aim, vision and mission statement (McKeever, 2008). It should be realistic – A business plan should have great ideas which can be implemented for example an excellent, well researched and perfectly written business plan explaining about a commodity that cannot be established has no meaning. Conversely, plan that calls for millions of money just for investment but lacks management group that can be able to get such investment is a bad plan. It should be direct to the point – The entire business plan should be specific in nature that is it should state out duties, expiring dates, forecasts and metric. An excellent planning relies more on the subject, the concerned party, the day and the finances (Abrams Kleiner, 2003). It should underline duties and responsibilities – One must be able to point out the duties for individuals. Any duty without an individual seems difficult to be implemented. It points out assumptions – Its very vital for most of the business plans appears to be wrong, they are written by people who deal with guess work and they might be wrong, hence every plan should display assumption up front for altered assumptions ought to direct to revised plans (McKeever, 2008). It should restrict people to be committed – Apart from planning, the plan should specify the various duties and responsibilities of an individual then the management should follow up so as to get the duties done by the concerned party, this will enforce commitment and a smooth running of the business. A good business plan should be kept moving by follow up and planning process (Abrams Kleiner, 2003). Every business plan must carry the planning procedures with it, which means often check up and course amendment. There is no business plan that is excellent if it is inflexible. Planning doesn’t future predict only annually its steering and management that takes a process to often counter check and rectify the course (Pinson, 2001). How to cite Business Plan Name Course Instructor’s, Papers

Edgar Allan Poe The Black Cat free essay sample

The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe, the narrator, never being identified, states that he is sane. He goes on to say that he is kind and respects the fidelity of friendship. He claims he loves pets and likes to hang out with them. The pets in his house include birds, goldfish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat. Pluto ,the cat, of all pets was the narrators favorite. The narrator has a lot of conscious and unconscious feelings that motivate him to behave as he does in the story. He does not really understand all of these motivations, his own behaviors, or the psychological basis for the reasoning of his actions. After reading further, there were many questions that arose in my mind. The most prevalent of all the questions were how much can be rationally explained? And are superstitions real? After reading the title the first thing that came to mind was the black cat superstition. Cats have always held a variety of notions among all cultures, especially a black cat. The majority of humans have always associated black cats with something bad or evil. I myself have always believed that the superstitions following black cats are Just a hoax believed by the naive. The story converts and is full of surprises and heinous crimes committed by the narrator when the narrator develops addiction to alcohol. At one point he referred to his addiction to alcohol as fiend intemperance, translating into demonic/wicked level of alcoholism. Due to the changes brought about in his disposition, by his new habit, his pets started to avoid and ignore him, and like most alcoholics I have seen nd heard about he started to abuse his wife and his marital life started to disintegrate. The fact that all his pets ignored and avoided him including his beloved cat made him so furious that he cut one of the cats eyes from the socket, which I believe made the cat seem betrayed, ergo the cat avoiding the narrator and eventually causing its death. Not long after that heinous crime he was unable to bear the burden of his so called docile and humane nature which had transformed him into an alcoholic abuser. To me because of his way of perverseness, he made the eviant choice of hanging his cat Pluto from a tree and killing him even though he knew it was wrong. I think the narrator is the person to blame for the events in the story. Without his actions nothing bad would have happened to his cat, his wife, or himself. Everything he did had a consequence. He was a drunk so he became violent. When he became violent he abused his animals and his wife. When he abused his wife and animals they distanced themselves from him. When they distanced themselves from him he became irritated and he became violent again. When he became violent again he continued to consume alcohol. When he continued to consume alcohol he commited the crime of murder, and so on and so forth. The narrators habit and perverseness were the cause of his destruction. On that very night his house burned to the ground, leaving him poor. The only things remaining were rubble and a solitary wall holding an image of a cat like creature similar to the recently murdered Pluto. He was unable to differentiate if this himself by putting together a story of what happened which was Upon the alarm of ire, the garden had been immediately filled by the crowd by someone of whom the animal must have been cut from the tree and thrown, through an open window, into my chamber. This had probably been done with the view of arousing me from sleep. The falling of other walls had compressed the victim of my cruelty into the substance of the freshly-spread plaster; the lime of which, had then with the flames, and the ammonia from the carcass, accomplished the portraiture as I saw it. Not to long after the murder of Pluto and his house burning down the narrator finds himself a second cat. Greatly similar to Pluto in almost every characteristic but a area with white fur around the chest. The Narrators wife also pointed out that the cat had been deprived of one eye. Again because of the constant reminder of what he had done to Pluto, the narrator seems to get agitated by the site of the new cat. He tries to kill the cat with his axe because he accidentally triped over it, but in this case, the wife stops him, now with almost a psychopathic mentality, the narrator buries the axe in his wifes brain and then proceeds to bury her inside the cellars wall. He nknowingly buries the second cat, whom is still alive, with dead wifes corpse. The police show up unexpectedly to the house to investigate the narrators wifes disappearance, and in a subtle way the narrator admits to his crime by bragging about how excellently well constructed his house is, and began tapping the portion of the brick-work behind which stood the corpse of his wife. Soon there after was a cry, at first muffled and broken, like the sobbing of a child, and then quickly swelling into one long, loud, and continuous scream. The police then ran to the wall and egan tolling away at it revealing the lifeless decaying body of the narrators wife, and the second cat sitting victoriously on its head. I do not believe that the cat was a supernatural being that caused the narrator to go mad. I think the things that happened that made the cat look supernatural such as the enlarged portrait of the cat being hung on the remaining wall of the narrators burned down house was Just a coinsedence. The narrator went mad because he was a paronoid alcoholic, he had psychological issues, and his feelings and behaviors about the things and people around him were not correct.

Youth Crime 1 Essay Example Essay Example

Youth Crime 1 Essay Example Paper Youth Crime 1 Essay Introduction Still one of the most pressing matters dealt in the society today is juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is referred to as the criminal acts which were done by juveniles or young people (Siegel, 2003). In different areas and different systems, there are specific measures employed to address and take action on these specific acts. There are prescribed methods like juvenile detention centers in whch they attend to and respond to these young people who committed such criminal acts. But what are the causes of juvenile acts? What essentially is youth crime? Youth Crime In recent years, youth crime has gained the attention of not just the media but politicians as well. This is for the fact that criminal acts committed by young people have increased drastically over the years (Mulvey, 1993). Youth crime could be defined as an antisocial behavior which is beyond to that extent of parental control and which then subjected to legal matters (Brown, 1998). Youth crime could also be viewed as a criminal act done by a minor or a juvenile with the exemption to the punishment of death or even to that of life sentence. Youth Crime 1 Essay Body Paragraphs Youth crime could an indicating factor of the state of morality prevalent in a country or in a specific location. The different types and levels of youth crime could be a reflector of the type of law and order that could be found in a specific location or even a country. The study of youth crime and the different factors and theories concerned in this topic would be of great importance especially since the perpetrators of these acts are actually aged Youth Crime 2 between fifteen up to twenty five. It could also be a warning seeing as adult criminals could have just evolved from juvenile delinquents themselves. Theories on Youth Crime There are various theories that are trying to explain the causes of youth crime: what forces or influences a young individual to result to such acts. The rational choice theory focuses on the individual’s free will and as well as his/her personal responsibility. The rational theory states that people weigh up the pros and cons of committing a cri me, and offend when the former outweigh the latter (Farrington, 2002). Although this story focuses on the individual behavior, there are still distinguishable deficiencies that could be seen. The theory does not clearly expound on why the individual would want to choose to commit the crime. Another is that the rational theory does not provide a comparison in other areas concerned such as the difference between the propensities of an individual and a group of people to commit crime. Also when taking an individual’s behavior in relation to crime, his or her self control as well as conscience should be taken into account. These factors are often influenced by societal conditions as well as parental control. Another deficiency that could be distinguished is that this theory does not clearly draw the line between why young people decide to commit crime apart from other people. It also does not take into account that an individual’s behavior could just be the product of the circumstances and situations prevalent in his surroundings. Apart from the rational choice theory another theory proposes to explain the criminal tendencies of a young individual. In this theory, the individual’s cultural as well as his/her socio- Youth Crime 3 economic environment in which he/she might have been exposed to are also taken into account. The situations in the environment and the degree and way in which the individual is exposed to are given attention. The social organization theory tries to relate the societal conditions to a person’s tendency to commit crime. For the strain theory on the other hand, it focused on the aspect of poverty in relation to an individual’s propensity to commit crime. This theory tries to explain that for example an individual has a poor educational attainment, trying to get the wealth as well as the authority legitimately for his case is very difficult thus the individual results to criminal means in order for him/her to achieve such things. The limitation to this theory is that even though young people may come from low-income families it could not necessarily be directly linked to having poor educational attainment. Also, there are instances where young people in different income families have also committed crimes. It could also be argued that most of the youth crimes at present are just not motivated or concerned with economic means. This theory was unsuccessful in trying to explain why young individuals result to violent crimes which have been of great concern to the society nowadays. Apart from the economic aspect of an individual’s propensity to commit crime, other theories try to explain a youth’s tendency to result to criminal acts by taking a look at culture. The subculture theory proposes that when a young individual has failed to gain a socially valued status, he or she has the tendency to result to deviant or delinquent behaviors. This could be due to the fact that an ind ividual may not uphold the same values which are socially acceptable for the environment he is in. One drawback is that there is no clear line as to how young individuals are provoked differently from that of adult criminals. Youth Crime 4 Two other theories seek to explain a young individual’s propensity to commit crime. The differential association theory tackles young individuals in relation to their peer groups. This theory focuses on the pressure at times implies or imposed upon by peer groups which could force a young person to commit crime. If a young person would be exposed with a group associated in committing crimes, there is a high tendency for that young person to commit crimes as well. The other theory, label theory, states that if a young individual would be dubbed as criminal he would likely tend to develop a propensity in committing crimes. There are various theories which try to explain youth’s propensity to commit crimes. More importantly apart from o ne’s behavior, we could see that the societal conditions in which a young individual is exposed to also play a vital part in influencing one young individual. â€Å"Male† youth crime Majority of the youth crimes committed are said to be done by young males. There are various suggestions as to why males have the tendency to commit crimes compared to that of females (Eadie Morley, 2003). For one, the idea of masculinity contributes essentially to this phenomenon. In most societies, one’s masculinity is greatly associated with being powerful, aggressive and even tough. Being competitive as well as being daring also comes with being masculine. In the even that young men are trying to display and show off these qualities, there is also the propensity for committing crimes. Apart from the concept of masculinity, how others view and treat them may just also be a contributing factor as to how they behave. Youth Crime 5 Felony deterrence The prevention of youth felony i s a very pressing matter as well as a very broad topic to discuss. There are many aspects to be taken into account when trying to lessen and even avoid youth crime. There is the question regarding to that of youth welfare as well as the punishments to be employed to those who have committed such felony. Different institutions such as the government and other concerned agencies are exerting their efforts in developing programs which could help young people from committing criminal acts. The question of veering young people away from criminal acts arises with the idea of welfare and punishment for them (Eadie, 2003). Welfare mainly deals with good fortune as well a person’s well being while punishment is penalty or a form of retribution for something illegally done or is not morally acceptable. In dealing with crime, these two areas have as much argument in each of their cases. Advocating for the welfare of a young individual has always been the thrust of various concerned inst itutions if not the government itself. There is a strong argument that if the child or the youth’s welfare particularly his well-being and other various concerns related to it is pushed for there is a chance that a youth’s tendency for committing crime could be controlled if not eliminated. Welfare is concerned in trying to employ the rights prearranged for young people. It deals with trying to provide with them as much as the essential things they need in order for them to develop a positive perspective making them less susceptible in having the propensity to commit crime. Welfare is more on trying to nurture and develop the child’s attitude and behavior into a positive and more acceptable one. Youth Crime 6 Yet the question of trying to draw the line between wrong acts comes in. In this case, it is punishment. Although in youth crime, there is the tendency to look into the perpetrator and the root causes rather than such acts, it is also essential to question the punishment concerned in youth crime. As much sensitive as it is to put young people into penalties and other types of punishments, there are arguments which tries to put the light on the crimes actually committed by these young people and what they are capable of. It could not be denied that as young as the perpetrators are, the felony or crime they committed is just as grave. In taking justice into the picture, there is the question of even as young as the responsible one is, if the crime is just as grave, it could not be denied that a certain form of punishment must be employed to address such act. The question of how to punish young people comes in. In some areas, there are corresponding punishments for young people who commit criminal acts. In any case, the punishments for young people are always subjected to scrutiny for its delicate nature and the people involved in the case. The nature of punishment for young people is always in question for the different factors that com e into play especially in a young individual’s propensity for committing crimes. Youth crime in perspective Considering the different theories that try to explain a young individual’s propensity for committing crime, we could clearly see that behavior and attitude are not the only contributing Youth Crime 7 factors. There are actually more theories that focused on the young person’s exposure to his/her external environment in relation for their tendencies to commit crime. The culture, socio-economic environment as well the peer group and even the society’s views of the individual could play a big part in one’s tendencies for delinquency as well as deviant behavior. There are also other risk factors that contribute to one’s tendency for committing illegal acts. These are an individual’s intelligence, responsiveness and even the level of parental control and discipline on the child. A young individual’s family could also have a big influence when it comes to a person’s behavior. In talking about youth crime, it is essential to see and observe the different factors that come with young people’s propensity for committing crime. In a crucial stage such as being a youth, apart from their own personal choice, societal conditions have a big impact towards their behavior and emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Crime 1 Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Crime 1 Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Crime 1 Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

D-Day invasion essays

D-Day invasion essays From 1941to 1944, American and the Allies pursued their goal of defeating Germany first. Their strategy rested on a key assumption that there would ultimately have to be a massive invasion of Northwest Europe, at the heart of the Axis empire. By creating this second front in Europe, German pressure on the Soviet Union would be reduced and Germany would be trapped between the Soviets in the east and the American and British in the west. The Germans anticipated the attack and knew it would determine the wars outcome. What they didnt know was precisely when and where the Allies would strike. Fortification of the coast of Northwest Europe was underway. The success on the battlefield and production in the factories made it possible to begin formal planning of this momentous operation in 1943 and became known as Operation Overlord. American general, Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed as the leader of the seven men (three Americans and four British) who were the masterminds behind the operation. A key part of the success of D-Day rested on keeping Germany from knowing exactly when and where the assault would take place. American and British bombers carried out raids farther north days before the actual invasion in order to deceive the Germans. The plan entailed landing nine divisions of sea and airborne troops, over 150,000 men, along a 50-mile stretch in Normandy, France in just 24 hours known as D-Day. Six divisions would assault five codenamed landing beaches. The Utah Beach was assigned to the U.S. 4th Division. The U.S. 29th and 1st would land at Omaha Beach. Further east, the British 50th Division would assault Gold Beach and the 3rd Division would take Sword Beach. The Canadian 3rd Division would attack Juno Beach. The troops had military training in Britain to prepare them for the invasion. The date for the invasion had been set at May 17 but bad weather forced Eisenhower to delay ...

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be The first Impressionist exhibition took place from April 15 to May 15, 1874. Led by the French artists Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, they called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. Thirty artists displayed 165 works at the photographer Nadars former studio at 35 Boulevard des Capucines. The building was modern and the paintings were modern: pictures of contemporary life painted in a technique that looked unfinished to the art critics and the general public. And, the works were on sale! Right there. (Although they had to remain on view for the duration of the show.) Louis Leroy, a critic for Le Charivari, entitled his nasty, satirical review Exhibition of Impressionists which was inspired by Claude Monets painting Impression: Sunrise, 1873. Leroy meant to discredit their work. Instead, he invented their identity. However, the group did not call themselves Impressionists until their third show in 1877. They were also called the Independents and the Intransigents, which implied political activism. Pissarro was the only avowed anarchist. Participants in the First Impressionist Exhibition Zacharie AstrucAntoine-Ferdinand AttenduÉdouard Bà ©liardEugà ¨ne BoudinFà ©lix BraquemondÉdouard BrandonPierre-Isidore BureauAdolphe-Fà ©lix CalsPaul Cà ©zanneGustave ColinLouis DebrasEdgar DegasJean-Baptiste Armand GuillauminLouis LaToucheLudovic-Napolà ©on LepicStanislas LepineJean-Baptiste-Là ©opold LevertAlfred MeyerAuguste De MolinsClaude MonetMademoiselle Berthe MorisotMulot-DurivageJoseph DeNittisAuguste-Louis-Marie OttinLà ©on-Auguste OttinCamille PissarroPierre-Auguste RenoirStanislas-Henri RouartLà ©opold RobertAlfred Sisley

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation Essay

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on chronic pain in cancer patients - Essay Example A randomised controlled trial 17 3. Chapter Three: Preliminary Literature Review 19 3.1 Progressive Muscle Relaxation 19 3.1.1Complete sequences of progressive muscle relaxation 20 3.2 Synthesis 23 Bibliography 26 Appendixes 29 Appendix 1 Time Table 29 Appendix 2 30 Abstract The proposed research for this study will discuss the progressive muscle relaxation and its techniques along with the effect that it has on chronic pain in patients with cancer. The techniques discussed can have a significant impact on reducing and relaxing chronic pain in patients with cancer. The research for this study will be conducted through an examination of secondary research as relevant literature provides valuable information and knowledge about PMR and its impact on chronic pain. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction Pain is the eternal companion of mankind, with medical practitioners spending a great deal of their time assessing and finding ways to alleviate pain. Chronic pain is extremely common i n patients with cancer, especially those who are found in stage IV of the disease. Pain can be divided into four types of intensity: weak, moderate, sever, and very severe. All analgesic therapy in cancer patients is based on the use of non-narcotic, narcotic, and support (adjuvant) drugs, the use of which forms the basis of a three-step approach to pain management which was developed and proposed by the world health organization. It is estimated that one third of all cancer patients suffer from moderate to severe pain related to their cancer and over 50% of patients diagnosed with cancer suffer from some form of pain. The most common types of pain related to cancer are due to the cancer tumor and the treatment. Unlike those who suffer from chronic pain that is unrelated to cancer, those with cancer experience pain in more than on area; the pain can be both acute and chronic and often varies in presentation. Pain is associated with the consequences of changes in psychosocial relatio nships, decreased quality of life, and increased rates of depression and anxiety (Melzack 2005, p. 971-979). Unfortunately, patients and providers often find that pharmacologic therapy does not completely control pain associated with cancer. Pharmacologic management of pain often comes with side effects such as nausea, constipation, drowsiness, pruritus, sedation, and delirium. Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, including mind-body techniques, are often sought out. Mind-body therapies are recommended in addition to pharmacological approaches for cancer patients experiencing pain. 1.2 Background/Justification Cancer pain is a complex phenomenon that often occurs due to tumor progression and related pathology, surgery or other invasive procedures. Toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation can significantly contribute to that pain as well as infection which all lead to a multidimensional model of cancer pain that can include the five components of: (1) physiologic (o rganize etiology of the pain); (2) sensory (intensity, location, quality); (3) affective (depression and anxiety); (4) cognitive (the meaning attached to the pain); and (5) behavioral (activity level, analgesic

How Leaders Are Leading In The 21st Century Essay

How Leaders Are Leading In The 21st Century - Essay Example Otherwise, it should be rarely utilized as it greatly undercuts existing job satisfaction and staff morale. Pace setting as a style enables the leadership set the trend/ pace on which the staff can emulate. However, it should be used sparingly as it often leads to loss of morale and the ‘poisoning’ of the working climate. Democratic leadership style draws upon the prevailing workforce skill-sets, knowledge and expertise thus creating both individual and group commitment to set goals. It is most optimal in situational contexts where the organizational direction envisaged is unclear necessitating collective input. However, it is disastrous during periods of crisis that require urgent decision-making (Martindale, 2011). In affiliative style, the emphasis is placed upon teamwork thereby creating group harmony. It is essential in improving communication, teamwork, morale, harmony, and trust. This style is best used in a complementary manner with either of the other five. Coaching as a style focuses on the development of through one-on-one relationships. Through improvement of individual performance, optimal conditions for teamwork are achieved eventually helping connect individual goals to those of the organization as a whole. Care should be taken to strive in highlighting restraint, as this may be negatively perceived as equating to the micro-management of employees (Zhu, Irene & William, 2005). This may eventually undermine their self-confidence thereby negatively affecting their morale and overall output.

Example of Bullwhipp Effect Essay Example for Free

Example of Bullwhipp Effect Essay The Barilla company, a major pasta producer located in Italy provides a demonstrative of issues resulting from the bullwhip effect. Barilla offered special discounts to their customer who ordered full truckload of their goods. Such marketing deals created customer demand-patterns were highly peaked and volatile. The supply chain costs were so high that they outstripped the benefits from full truckload transportation. The Barilla case was one of the first published cases that empirically supported the bullwhip phenomenon. The 5 major reasons leading to the bullwhip effect according to Lee: Demand signal processing is the is the practice of decision makers adjusting the parameters of the inventory replenishment rule. Target stock levels, safety stocks and demand forecasts are updated in view of information or deviations from targets. Another major cause of the bullwhip problem is the lead-time, which is caused by two components. The physical delays and also delays in cause of information. The lead-time is a key parameter to calculate safety stocks. The third bullwhip creator is the practice of order batching. Economies of scale in ordering, production set-ups or transportation will quite clearly increase order variability. The fourth major cause of bullwhip is highlighted by Lee has to do with price fluctuations. Price discounts and quantity discounts are often offered by retailers. So the retailers buy goods in advance and quantities and store them. This do not reflect their immediate needs. The fifth cause of bullwhip is connected with rationing and shortage gaming. Inflated orders placed by supply chain occupants during shortage periods tend to boost the bullwhip effect. Possibilities to minimize the bullwhip effect (in order to avoid costs): improve communication in the supply chain simultaneousness of actions (therefore time delays and reaction times can be avoided) centralization of disposition establish strategic alliances reduce the variability

The City of the Sun :: Essays Papers

The City of the Sun In Tommaso Campanella’s document, The City of the Sun, a new social order is introduced amongst the Solarians. Campanella presents his readers with a utopian society that is ordered by rationality and reason. This ideal visionary is a redeemed world, free from injustice and competition in the market structure. Campanella, however, grew up in a society that was exploited and based on irrational principles. Campanella, therefore, reconstructs a society that operates in opposition to the one that he considers to be corrupt and irrational. The document, The City of the Sun, can be used to critically compare the social and political order that exists today. Moreover, Campanella’s work reveals the weaknesses that exist in today’s society and its structure. One characteristic of this utopian society is its system of meritocracy. In this system, positions of power are determined by one’s ability and excellence; factors such as gender or social class do not result in positions of leadership. For example, leaders and ministers are chosen according to which individuals learn the greatest number of skills and practices them best. Individuals who work extremely hard and acquire knowledge are judged to have the greatest nobility. Moreover, the Solarians have a Prince Prelate called Sun. Sun is elected by knowing a significant amount of information in diverse academic fields. For example, he must know all the mechanical arts and the mathematical, physical, and astrological sciences. In his dialogue, Campanella stresses the importance of acquiring knowledge in this ideal city. He demonstrates this by describing the position of the Prince Prelate: â€Å"Once appointed, his tenure lasts until someone with greater knowledge and greater ability to rule is discovered (Campanella 45)†. Therefore, those who wish to live in great power, must strive for this achievement in the area of academics. Also, ones level of knowledge determines the pursuit of happiness an individual will receive in the city of the Sun. The Solarians are granted the opportunity to alter their status if they desire, and live a life according to their standards. Campanella directly criticizes the society he grew up in by stating in his dialogue, why the Solarians mock the material world for the way it is structured: Thus they laugh at us because we consider craftsmen ignoble and assign nobility to those who are ignorant of every craft and live in idleness, keeping a host of dissolute and idle servants about them to the great detriment of the state (Campanella 43).

Research & Writing Memo

Student ID # 105228 5/30/2009 We can probably show that Brett arrested Jane. Arrest is an element of false imprisonment. Arrest means confinement against one’s will. An arrest can be affected through physical constraint as well as through personal coercion (its equivalent). When a store employee detains something of value that a reasonable patron would not leave without, the patron has been coerced and thus arrested. In this case, because Brett took Jane’s dog (something no reasonable person would leave behind), Jane was likely arrested. The elements of false imprisonment are intent to confine, arrest, and consciousness of confinement.In Moore v. City of Detroit, 252 Mich. App. 384, 652 N. W. 2d 688 (2002), the court held that an action for false imprisonment can be maintained without alleging a false arrest involving government law enforcement. The court reasoned that the employee was not actually confined or restrained for any significant period of time which is requi red in satisfying a false imprisonment claim. The court stated that even if the employee had been locked in some enclosure, the confinements were momentary and fleeting or too brief and therefore insufficient to satisfy false imprisonment.An arrest must be against the will of the person confined; a patron who voluntarily follows a store employee back into the store is not arrested. In Bruce v. Meijers Supermarkets INC. , 34 Mich. App. 352, 191 N. W. 2d 132 (1971), a customer was shopping at Meijer’s in Lansing Michigan. Customer places two pairs of panties in her cart and continues shopping. Customer then places both pairs of panties on a counter other than where she found them. Customer checked out with the cashier. Customer leaves the store. Unidentified man approaches the customer.Unidentified man asks customer where she put the unpaid for panties which the man had seen in her cart while in the store. Customer assumed that the unidentified man was an employee of the store. Unidentified man repeatedly asked customer to return to the store. Customer was feeling ill. Customer wanted to leave. Customer said her children would be coming home for lunch. Customer voluntarily opened her purse and her clothing to prove that she did not take the panties. Customer estimates that she had been questioned for approximately five minutes. Customer voluntarily follows the man back inside the store.Customer quickly finds the panties lying on the counter adjacent to the lingerie display. Customer leaves store without further ado. The court held that no arrest was made and false imprisonment cannot have occurred without an arrest. The court reasoned that nothing was being done to indicate that she was being taken into custody, or that she was being held for delivery to a peace officer to answer a criminal charge. Given what the unidentified man observed (customer placing the panties in her cart), entitled the unidentified man; acting as an agent of the owner, the right to question the customer.The customers’ voluntariness in following the man back into the store illustrates that her actions were carried out willingly & knowingly and shows no signs of manual seizure or coercion. Therefore the customer was not arrested. Like the customer in Bruce, Jane voluntarily followed the store clerk back into the store. However in our case, Jane had been purposely and knowingly coerced into her decision whereas the actions by the customer in Bruce were done willingly. For an arrest, there must be a manual seizure or its equivalent in some sort of personal coercion.Coercion means acting against the will of the customer. If there is no coercion, there is no arrest. The store clerk seized Jane’s dog (something of value), leaving Jane no choice but to follow. Unlike the case in Bruce, Jane’s actions were against her will and were therefore coerced. When a store employee detains something of value to a patron and the item detained is something a reasonable person would not leave without, the patron has been detained. In Clarke v. K Mart Corporation, 197 Mich. App. 541, 495 N. W. d 820 (1992), a customer and her two small children were shopping at K Mart in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Customer purchased a set of bed sheets among other things. The cashier accidentally rang up the sheets twice. Cashier set sheets aside and voided the second transaction. Cashier placed sheets into customers’ bag. The cashier supervisor observed only the sheets being placed in the customers’ bag. Cashier supervisor did not notice the sheets being rung up. Cashier supervisor along with another co-supervisor approached customer.Customer claims the co-supervisor snatched the bag out of her hand. Co-supervisor alleges he took the bag out of the customers shopping cart. The supervisors confiscate $250 worth of purchased goods and notify the customer that they will be performing a routine package check. Customer was detained for ten or fif teen minutes. Supervisors gave $10 to customer for her inconvenience. The court held that by confiscating the $250 worth of purchased goods; the customer had been coerced into staying inside the store for 10 or 15 minutes and was therefore detained.The court reasoned that if a store owner, without any privilege, purposely prevents a customer from leaving by means of taking something of value from the customer and that customer reasonably remains in the store solely for the valuables, than that customer has been confined and therefore detained. Similar to our case at hand, both Jane as well as the customer in Clarke had been confined through the detainment of personal valuables. In Clarke, the detainment of expensive bed sheets ($250) proved to be enough coercion to satisfy a confinement.In our case however, it was Jane’s dog that had been detained. Now, although it may be impossible to value the dog at any specific dollar amount, any patron willing to purchase a dog will most likely view the purchase as an investment rather than a burden. On the other hand, the defense will argue that owning a dog may be more of a liability than asset because maintaining a dog is expensive and by detaining the dog, Jane would be better off financially. The defense may have a valid argument, yet a dog is not an inanimate object; it is a pet.Accordingly, if a customer won’t leave without their bed sheets as in Clarke, than certainly a customer will not leave without there pet. Any reasonable patron understands that a dog is a living creature and has feelings just as humans do. Any reasonable dog owner can understand the impact a pet can have on a person’s life and thus love their pet as if it were their own child. Obviously, it would be unconscionable to think that a reasonable person would leave their dog behind; they would act as Jane did.Jane’s decision to go back into the store was clearly against her will and was therefore coerced. An arrest can be affected either through physical constraint or personal coercion that is the equivalent of physical constraint. In Tumbarella v. Kroger Co. , 85 Mich. App. 482, 271 N. W. 2d 284 (1978), two police officers approached a customer who was also an employee for the store. The security officers asked customer where the money was. Customer indicated that she did not know what they were talking about. Officers then made menacing gestures toward the customer.Customer felt as if she was taken in custody. The officers’ threatened the customer with prosecution and jail. Customer felt restricted in her freedom both expressly and impliedly. The court held that the customer may seek nominal damages even if the officers had probable cause to believe the customer stole money from the store. The court reasoned that even if a shopkeeper suspects a person of taking without permission, the customers shoplifting does not give the shopkeeper the absolute privilege to detain the suspected shoplif ter.

Contingent Reward System

Contingent reward is a reward that should be given to staff members when they earn them, that is the principle of contingent rewards. (â€Å"Motivating others through,† 2011) This is a great way to get the desired effect when working with a staff that might not be motivated to get a task or assignment done. A trend in the United States is toward a larger portion of employees’ compensation to be provided in the form of â€Å"variable pay† such as bonuses and equity-based compensation. (â€Å"Motivating others through,† 2011)Being the manager at the fast food restaurant and having a difficult time motivating your employees to clean the facility every three hours will be an easy task, when you find the best way to motivate them. What I have come up with is a three part contingent reward program. The three steps are; Assign tasks to each employee †¢We will provide a handout to each team employee listing there areas they are responsible through out the mon th. †¢This allows them to plan for the tasks and assignment they will need to complete. †¢Each employee will get assignments based on there level of experience.As they move up in the company more tasks can be assigned. Manager/Head Manager checks daily on tasks †¢This is important part of the contingent reward system. †¢Every three hours the manager needs to verify that the task is done and make a note of it on a board where all the tasks for the month are represented. Reward †¢The reward is broken down per paycheck. Each completed task represents a certain percentage of additional money. †¢This will also be viewed quarterly for yet another possible percentage increase †¢So as the employees do there assigned task they are rewarded for that. If they do not do the task they will not receive the increase †¢It will also show they are not getting there tasks done on the big board oThis will service as a motivation as the team can see who is perform ing and who is not This is the concept that has been developed to help the employees to see the benefit of having a clean facility. With a clean facility and friendly staff there is a strong chance that the amount of customers will increase which in turn will affect profit. Reference Motivating others through goals and rewards. (2011, April 4). Retrieved from http://www. wright. edu/~scott. williams/LeaderLetter/motivating. htm

Internet Fraud - Searching for an Explanation essays

Internet Fraud - Searching for an Explanation essays In seeking some form of rational explanation to comprehend the underlying reasons for the widespread, relentless, annoying scams on the Internet, looking at the classic strain theory (CST) puts things into a helpful context. According to an article in Youth al., 1997), individuals engaged in any kind of wrongdoing - such as scams involving phony spam-spawned email promises on the World Wide Web - are very likely people who were (or are) unable to "achieve their goals." The dominant goal, as has been very obvious for many years, is "monetary success or middle class status." Significant segments of society, the journal article continues, "are said to be prevented from achieving this goal through legitimate channels" - and somehow, getting a good education, and doing an honest day's work and saving and investing for the future are concepts that haven't worked for this deviant segment. And so, certain of these individuals "employ illegitimate means to achieve their goals," such as theft, "striking out at others in their anger, or retreating into drug use." And in this particular case, fraud on the Web might be better As to the "Nigerian Money Offers" email scheme - which anyone with email has no doubt seen in their "in box" - the persons behind this phony presentation may be having success, and don't want to stop, or perhaps they can't stop - like the drug smuggler who needs to make "just one more run" to put money away for the future, and only then will he quit. It may be that a fairly young, Web-savvy, technology-empowered individual - or small group of friends - started the Nigerian letter scam with just a few mailings, to try to make money because he (or they) didn't have good enough grades to get into the college his parents wanted him to go to. Or didn't want to go to college and was hooked on drugs, and needed money to keep his ...

Interesting Facts About Laura Ingalls Wilder

Interesting Facts About Laura Ingalls Wilder Are you looking for interesting facts about Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House books? Generations of children have delighted in her stories. In her Little House books, Laura Ingalls Wilder Wilder shared stories based on her own life and provided a fascinating look at the daily life of a pioneer girl and her family in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Here are some interesting facts about the beloved author. A Real Pioneer Girl Laura really was a pioneer girl, living in Wisconsin Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa and Dakota Territory while she was growing up. Her Little House books are closely based on her life, but they are not an exact account; they are historical fiction rather than nonfiction. The Ingalls Family Laura Ingalls was born on February 7, 1867 near Pepin, Wisconsin, the child of Charles and Caroline Ingalls. Laura’s sister, Mary, was two years older than Laura and her sister, Carrie, was more than three years younger. When Laura was 8, her brother, Charles Frederic, was born. He died less than a year later. When Laura was 10, her sister, Grace Pearl, was born. Laura Grows Up After she passed the test and received her teaching certificate at the age of 15, Laura spent several years teaching school. On August 25, 1885, when Laura was 18, she married Almanzo Wilder. She wrote about his childhood in upstate New York in her Little House book Farmer Boy. The Difficult Years The first years of Almanzo and Laura’s marriage were very difficult and included illness, the death of their baby son, poor crops and a fire. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about those years in the last of her Little House books, The First Four Years, which was not published until 1971. Rose Wilder One joyous event in the early years was the birth of Laura and Almanzo’s daughter, Rose, in 1886. Rose grew up to be a writer. She is credited with helping to convince her mother to write the Little House books and helping with editing, although exactly how much is still somewhat in question. Rocky Ridge Farm After several moves, in 1894, Laura, Almanzo and Rose moved to Rocky Ridge Farm near Mansfield, Missouri, and there Laura and Almanzo remained until their deaths. It was at Rocky Ridge Farm that Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the Little House books. The first was published in 1932 when Laura was 65 years old. Laura Ingalls Wilder, Writer Laura did have some writing experience before she wrote the Little House books. In addition to working on their farm, Laura held several part-time writing jobs, including serving for more than a decade as as a columnist for Missouri Ruralist, a bimonthly farm paper. She also had articles in other publications, including Missouri State Farmer and St. Louis Star. The Little House Books In all, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote nine books that came to be known as â€Å"Little House† books. Little House in the Big WoodsFarmer BoyLittle House on the PrairieOn the Banks of Plum CreekBy the Shores of Silver Lake The Long WinterLittle Town on the PrairieThese Happy Golden YearsThe First Four Years The Laura Ingalls Wilder Award After four of the Little House Books won Newbery Honors, the American Library Association established the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award to honor authors and illustrators whose childrens books, published in the United State, have had a major impact on children’s literature. The first Wilder Award was awarded in 1954 and Laura Ingalls Wilder was the recipient. Other recipients have included: Tomie dePaola (2011), Maurice Sendak (1983), Theodor S. Geisel/Dr. Seuss (1980) and Beverly Cleary (1975). The Little House Books Live On Almanzo Wilder died on October 23, 1949. Laura Ingalls Wilder died on February 10, 1957, three days after her 90th birthday. Her Little House books had already become classics and Laura delighted in the responses of young readers to her books. Children all over the world, particularly 8 to 12 year olds, continue to enjoy and learn from Lauras stories of her life as a pioneer girl. Sources Bio.com: Laura Ingalls Wilder Biography, Laura Ingalls Wilder Award Home Page, HarperCollins: Laura Ingalls Wilder Biography Miller, John E., Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Woman Behind the Legend, University of Missouri Press, 1998

Gay Marriage Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gay Marriage Philosophy - Research Paper Example These arguments make gay marriage one of the largely unsettled issues in our society. And this issue will not likely be settled in the contemporary context where conservatives and liberals seem to be bound to contradict each other in almost all issues and points of discussion. This paper shall discuss the thesis: The government has no right to enact laws which ban marriage between individuals of the same gender. It shall clarify arguments for both sides of the issue and state which side of the issue is better defended. This topic is being discussed in the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive assessment of the issue. Discussion The provision of the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution which is relevant to this issue is in Section 1 which partly reads â€Å"†¦no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process o f law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws† (as cited by Cornell University, n.d). These provisions can be used as the basis for gay marriage being a constitutionally protected right. The right to marry between two consenting individuals of legal age can be justified under the right to equal protection of laws. There are however opposing arguments to the legal allowance given to gay marriage. An initial discussion of opposing argument shall be considered below. Against same-sex marriages Those who argue against the same-sex marriages argue that marriage is a legal union between a man and a woman, and as such, two men and two women cannot be afforded the same protection as a man and a woman seeking to marry (Zambrowicz, 1994). Various courts have also cited technical and dictionary meanings of marriages which indicate that it is a union of a man and a woman, and there is no mention of same-sex unions in these definitions. Other opponents to same-sex marriage also set forth that based on the laws today, gay marriages are an oxymoron; meaning, it is an act which does not exist because the legal mandate is still based on the union of man and woman (Duncan, 1996). The argument against gay marriages is also largely based on tradition – a global tradition that gay marriages are largely prohibited in most countries of the world. The US will not likely be the first nation in the world which shall discard the concept of traditional marriages; it will not likely be the first state to express that gay marriages are as important as heterosexual marriages (Willett, 1997). References to traditions and customs were also seen in the case of Jones v. Hallahan where the state expressly stated that marriage is the union of a man and a woman. Same-sex marriage has consistently been disallowed by the courts, with these courts further arguing that marriages must be between a man and a woman (Willett, 1997). Another argument establ ished by opponents to same-sex marriage is that these marriages are basically tied in with procreation. The inability of procreation between same-sex marriages negates support for the institution (Franke, 2006). In the case of Singer v. Hara, the court established that denying marriage licenses to two male parties was not considered gender discrimination, however, it was based on the state’

Utilitarianism is not so much a political philosophy, as a political Essay

Utilitarianism is not so much a political philosophy, as a political technique. Discuss - Essay Example However, the structure of the notion does not necessarily appear in this manner depending on the claim but the context is definitely similar. In multiple occasions, leaders apply utilitarianism in political initiatives making it appear as a political philosophy in most of these cases, depending on the particular initiatives and the dissimilar outcomes. Moreover, sometimes it is due to the manner that these leaders relate utilitarianism to achieve their goals. Generally, in every basis, utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which means that the evaluation of an action is relative to its consequences, whether in politics, religion or science. In most situations relative to politics, utilitarianism comes out as egoism especially since the consequences are of more significance than the actions. However, this notion also applies in distinguishing utilitarianism from egoism; typically, the scope and relevance of the consequences. Utilitarianism principles focus on maximizing the overall good, a core reason why it applies in politics; however, the best way to exploit this is considering both individual good and that of o thers (Mill 2002, 64). Multiple philosophers made vast contributions to utilitarianism; however, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill stand out because of their arguments’ context in an effort to make people understand utilitarianism as a form of ethics theory (Crisp 1997, 15&Bentham 1990, 8). They were hedonists about value through the identification of good with pleasure; moreover, they encouraged people to maximize the good by bringing about the greatest amount of good for the biggest number of people possible. An initiative that citizens expect from politicians; moreover, it should be the general basis of most political proprietors. Conversely, in a political philosophy stand point, distinguishing utilitarianism also takes place through independence

BUSN 300 Unit 3 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSN 300 Unit 3 IP - Research Paper Example It will also help the company to generate some additional revenues. This will provide a significant chance to the company to gain some market share in the app as well as cell phone market. Hence this plan of action could be treated as single. Although Exxon has made certain commitments towards the environment, but off late the company has put some of their initiatives related to environmental concerns on hold. These mainly due to the fact that, people are looking to relate the big oil disaster to the events in Florida. Te Company is now focusing on the safety concerns related to drilling. Keeping the importance of safety concern in mind it is advised that the company should not stop focusing on the environmental impacts. A campaign focusing on successful projects of the company punctuated with the environmental concerns may actually benefit the company. Hence this could be considered as low hanging fruit. This may build an image in the mind of the consumers leading to the long term success as it would position Exxon has a socially responsible company. For a number of years Best Western is no longer known as the high end hotels. Rather the consumers perceive them as a unit that runs hotels that are franchised. The course on concern would be that there are some franchisees, which are doing just about great. However, there are examples of those who are awful to say the least. Companies are most of things are right when it comes to motivating the franchisees. Due to such massive gaps in service quality the company is facing tremendous problems related to consistency. Hence it is suggested that the company starts encouraging and rewarding customers for putting up pictures of their favorite Best West hotel. This will increase company good will. It will also act as a customer engagement mechanism. Some of the probable platforms of running such a campaign could be Pinterest, Twitter, Instagram and of course the big daddy of them all so to speak,

Human Rights of Victims and Witnesses in International Court

Human Rights of Victims and Witnesses in International Court SARPOMAA ASARE TITLE: A study of the steadiness of fundamental human rights between the interest of victims/witnesses and defendants under the International criminal court proceeding. INTRODUCTION: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in relation to the steadiness of fundamental human rights between the interest of victims/witnesses and defendants under international court proceedings. The Universal Declaration of Human rights the mother of all treaties and convention under Article 10 stipulates that Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal in the determination of his rights and obligations of any criminal charge against him[1]. Similarly, the European convention of Human rights Article 6 parleys the right to fair trial of everyone charged with a criminal offence[2].Fundamental Human rights is a very imperative feature in criminal trials and respected by all states without discrimination, however, it is a dilemma due to the fact that over the years victims or witnesses have had their rights upheld over that of the defendants rights during one point or another during international criminal court proceedings, specifically the ICC, ICTR AND ICTY. This indeed is a predicament due to the fact that Fundamental human rights has a universal protection and proclaimed by states all over the world. The purpose of the research seeks to investigate whether indeed there is a steadiness of fundamental rights between the interest of victims/witnesses and defendants under international court proceedings. The steadiness of the rights of victims/ witnesses and defendants will be critically analysed in relation to the international criminal courts namely the international criminal court (ICC), the international tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and International tribunal of former Yugoslavia(ICTY). THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The above aim will be accomplished by achieving the succeeding research objectives: To critically investigate what actually constitutes as a fair trial in international criminal court proceedings. To critically identify and analyse how fundamental rights of defendants have been upheld or declined during international criminal court proceedings. To critically identify and analyse how fundamental rights of victims/witnesses have been upheld or declined during international criminal court proceedings. To make recommendations as to how the international criminal courts can balance the rights of victims /witnesses and defendants during international criminal court proceedings. LITERATURE REVIEW: In order to do a critical summary and assessment of the variety of prevailing materials that deals with knowledge and understanding to the research project, the literature review will offer a milieu or background and to provide an understanding to preceding work by viewing the fairness in international criminal trials, the impact of the rights of victims /witnesses in international criminal court proceedings, the protection of accused in international criminal court proceedings and then finally the conflict between the rights of the victims and the rights of the accused. FAIRNESS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIALS. Where interests of dissimilar trial applicants meet head on, who ought to be the main total attention of fair trial concerns in international criminal trials?[3] The right to a fair trial is a standard of international human rights law intended to safeguard individuals from the illegal and arbitrary limitation or denial of other primary rights and freedoms, the greatest outstanding of which are the right to life and liberty of the person[4].The fair trial problem can be discussed in two methods. First, are the substantive rights conferred to the defendant sufficient? This method centres on the rights set forth in the tribunals statutes, rules of procedure and evidence, and case law, for instance, the right to oppose witnesses or the right to lawyer. The solution to this part of the fair trial inquiry is complex by the exceptional arrangements of these courts, which are mended in sync from the civil law and common law legal systems. Also, there are essential problems in taking legal action in these categories of crimes, which, according to some, might call for odd trial procedures, at least from the viewpoint of domestic legitimate norms. The next method to the problem of fair trials requests, in its place, whether these international courts have the liberation and coercive authorities essential to safeguard fair trials, irrespective of the adequacy of the paper rights rendered the defendant in the tribunals statutes[5]. THE IMPACT OF THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS/WITNESSES IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT PROCEEDINGS. According to researchers considering victims, interests has been construed as the taking into forethought the opinions and concerns of victims in the furtherance of the judicial practices. As victims endure harm as a consequence of crimes it is recognised that they have interests in criminal proceedings against those liable. Exactly how victims interests are thought through is reliant on the procedural rules to which they can represent their opinions and interest, likewise more essentially in how those interests are thought out by verdict makers, in the case of the courts, judges. Consequently, the contemplation of victims wellbeing in this scope can be cut down to two ideas of procedural and substantive justice for victims. Procedural justice involves impartiality of treatment in procedures. With respects to victims, this encompasses their involvement in proceedings, influence on judgements, and capacity to form results. Treating victims with reverence can improve their satisfaction with criminal proceedings. Substantive justice denotes the results of judicial instruments. For victims this encompasses rectifying their hurt and the reasons of victimisation, bringing about three main rights in connection with results: truth; justice; and compensations. Procedural and substantive justice balance each other to safeguard a more operative redress for victims harm. Involvement permits victims to tender their interests in judicial proceedings so that they have an influence on judges decision-making procedure, which consecutively can assist to safeguard results more successfully answer to their desires. Even though permitting victims to voice out their needs and interests is imperative, it does not call for their opinions to take over judges choices, just that they are weighed and taken into account in determining justice[6].The crucial problem with this explanation is that often during criminal court proceeding victims interest as well their needs affects the judges d ecisions in determining justice. What about the defendants, do their rights in terms of needs and interest affect or have an impact in the judge decision in determining justice. It is indeed a puzzle because although the victims interest will not dominate the judges decisions it will have an impact regardless of how high or low the impact is. PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT PROCEEDINGS The safeguard of the rights of the accused rests habitually in the interest of all civilised systems of law. All legal systems make possible certain principles for the rights of the accused. Those rights is the assurance that if criminal proceedings are held no wrong will be done to the suspected criminal and his right to a fair trial will be guaranteed. Those concepts, is established in the human rights law, have been embraced together on the national and universal level[7].As Judge Richard May and Marieke Wierda argue, the object and purpose of the modern tribunals are to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. This is to be accomplished through shepherding fair and prompt trials. But what in fact does it point to that a trial necessities to be fair? This phrase is, often used within the provisions of human rights law, be made up of of different components[8]. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE RIGHTS OF THE VICTIMS/WITNESSES AND THE RIGHTS OF DEFENDANTS According to researchers, it is believed that In order to safeguard that the participation of victims does not turn out to be harmful to the rights of the accused, it is vital that the models and the limits of victim involvement in international criminal trials are appropriately acknowledged because of the rights of defendants. Any struggle amongst the rights of victims and the rights of defendants has to be the aim of a flawless harmonizing that must be performed in the enlightenment that the all-embracing purpose of criminal procedure is to grasp a verdict of guilt or innocence at the same time as protecting at the utmost level the rights of those exposed to the proceedings (i.e. the suspect and the accused). The contemporary criminal procedure is founded on the supposition that it is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffers. The harmonizing of victim participation alongside the rights of the accused should be stimulated by some procedural doctrines of a n authoritative nature, which signify the support of international criminal procedure: the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair hearing in full equality, the right to an prompt trial, the right to challenge and divulge evidence, and so on[9]. Increasingly, the research community believes that there has to be some set of procedural principles in order to balance the victims participation in the rights of the accused, what other procedural principles the international court needs in order to balance the victims participation rights and that of the accused. The gap is still visible we dont necessary need any procedural principles in order to balance the rights. Rights are rights everyone is entitled to, it does not distinguish between persons. It is important to trace these rights to prove that rights need not be set in any procedural principles they have already been established by law instruments. This research study will prove that there is no need to have any set guidelines for international criminal courts to follow. The research will prove that the right to fair trail already exists so there will be no need to formulate any new procedural principles the courts only need to refer to them and this would resolve any confl ict or tension during criminal proceedings. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY The proposed approach to the research project is doctrinal legal research method. Doctrinal legal research is committed to the making of legal doctrines as a result of the inquiry of legal rules. In the thick of the common law jurisdictions, legal rules remain to be embedded within statutes and cases. They clear up doubts in the midst of rules and attribute them in a reasonable and comprehensible structure and denominated by their connection to other rules. The methods of doctrinal research are portrayed by the study of legal texts and, for this purpose, it is habitually termed as black-letter law. Doctrinal research is consequently committed to the uncovering and progress of legal doctrines for publication in textbooks or journal articles and its research inquiries take the form of probing what is the law? in precise matters[10].Similarly, the benefit of doctrinal research is that it is the orderly laying down of the law in precise context, it clears up obscurities within rules, and it places them in a sound and clear structure to describe their relationship to other rules. Doctrinal legal research is consequently involved with the finding and advancement of legal doctrines and it sheds light on the nature of a law[11] In order to address the objectives namely to critically investigate what actually constitutes as a fair trial in international criminal court proceedings, to critically identify and analyse how fundamental rights of defendants have been upheld or declined during international criminal court proceedings ,to critically identify and analyse how fundamental rights of victims/witnesses have been upheld or declined during international criminal court proceedings and To make recommendations as to how the international criminal courts can balance the rights of victims /witnesses and defendants during international criminal court proceedings doctrinal legal research method will be used. Primary and secondary Sources such as books, journals/articles, statutes and cases will be used to carry out in-depth investigations of the various objectives. The sources will help bring out what is the law on the matter and then appropriate recommendations can be made on how to improve the steadiness of fund amental human rights between the interest of victims/witnesses and defendants under the International criminal court proceeding. This approach clears up any vagueness in the law and also shed light on the nature of the law on the matters above. Bibliography Azam MM and Open Book Publishers., Intellectual Property and Public Health in the Developing World (Open Book Publishers 2016) Chynoweth P, Legal Research (2008) accessed 4 January 2017 Cogan JK, International Criminal Courts and Fair Trials: Difficulties and Prospects (2016) 27 Yale Journal of International Law Article accessed 6 January 2017 ECHR, European Convention on Human Rights (2014) accessed 30 December 2016 Kremens K, The Protection of the Accused in International Criminal Law according to the Human Rights Law standard1 (2011) 1 Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration Economics Moffett L, Meaningful and Effective? Considering Victims Interests through Participation at the International Criminal Court (2015) 26 Criminal Law Forum 255 Rigney S, The Words Dont Fit You: Recharacterisation of the Charges, Trial Fairness, and Katanga (2014) VOL15(1) Melbourne Journal of International Law accessed 4 January 2017 Universal Declaration of Human Rights accessed 30 December 2016 WHAT IS A FAIR TRIAL? A Basic Guide to Legal Standards and Practice Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (2000) accessed 6 January 2017 Zappala S, The Rights of Victims v. The Rights of the Accused (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 137 Citations, Quotes Annotations Universal Declaration of Human Rights accessed 30 December 2016 Universal Declaration of Human Rights p1 p8 accessed 30 December 2016. Article 10Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him Universal Declaration of Human Rights p1 p8 accessed 30 December 2016. Zappala S, The Rights of Victims v. The Rights of the Accused (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 137 better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffers S Zappala, The Rights of Victims v. The Rights of the Accused (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 137, p137 p164. [1] Article 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against himUniversal Declaration of Human Rights p1 p8 accessed 30 December 2016. [2] ECHR, European Convention on Human Rights (2014) accessed 30 December 2016 [3] Sophie Rigney, The Words Dont Fit You: Recharacterisation of the Charges, Trial Fairness, and Katanga (2014) VOL15(1) Melbourne Journal of International Law accessed 4 January 2017. [4] WHAT IS A FAIR TRIAL? A Basic Guide to Legal Standards and Practice Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (2000) accessed 6 January 2017. [5] Jacob Katz Cogan, International Criminal Courts and Fair Trials: Difficulties and Prospects (2016) 27 Yale Journal of International Law Article accessed 6 January 2017. [6] Luke Moffett, Meaningful and Effective? Considering Victims Interests through Participation at the International Criminal Court (2015) 26 Criminal Law Forum 255. [7] Karolina Kremens, The Protection of the Accused in International Criminal Law according to the Human Rights Law standard1 (2011) 1 Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration Economics. [8] As Judge Richard May and Marieke Wierda argue, the object and purpose of the modern tribunals are to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in the former Yugoslavia and RwandaKarolina Kremens, The Protection of the Accused in International Criminal Law according to the Human Rights Law standard1 (2011) 1 Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration Economics p26 p48. [9] better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent sufferS Zappala, The Rights of Victims v. The Rights of the Accused (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 137, p137 p164. [10] Paul Chynoweth, Legal Research (2008) accessed 4 January 2017. [11] Mohammad Monirul Azam and Open Book Publishers., Intellectual Property and Public Health in the Developing World (Open Book Publishers 2016).

Censorship in America Essay -- essays research papers

Censorship in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since this country was founded, we have had a set of unalienable rights that our constitution guarantees us to as Americans. One of the most important rights that is mentioned in our constitution is the right to free speech. â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.† These are the exact words used by our country’s forefathers when they made these amendments in the late 1700’s. Ever since then there have been people trying to abolish this right by censoring things that the American public has a right to see if they so choose. Movies, books, music, thoughts, ideas, and literature are all things that have fallen victims to censorship in this country. The idea and practice of censorship is unconstitutional and should be completely abolished in all forms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many Americans love films, the meanings behind those films and the impact some films have on people’s lives. Ever since films were created there have been people and organizations that have tried to censor and block what the public can and cannot see. Even to this day there are certain things that if put on film because of censorship, would never make it to the public. This is very sad. Film is one of this country’s great expressive outlets. Many filmmakers and the people who enjoy what these filmmakers put out are effected by the horrible concept of censorship. When a film is put out to the public it is first reviewed by a movie rating board who then assigns the film a rating to tell people what age groups the film is suitable for and what the film contains. Movie selection for minors should solely be the responsibility of that child’s parent, not some critic that watches films and then makes decisions for other people about who can watch it and who can’t. People just need to start to understand the real meaning of free speech and expression in this country. Too many people are taking it for granted. People who are for the censorship of films may argue that it’s for the good of our children, shielding them from violence and sex, and not exposing them to something that they claim may be mentally harm... ...from the other side of this argument is the fact that profanity and sexually explicit material shouldn’t be exposed to young children without their parental permission. But telling teenagers and young adults who are mature enough to choose what they want to listen to is completely wrong and unjust. The key word here is choice. As stated earlier, the thing that makes this country truly great is the idea that we have the right to listen to whatever we choose we want to listen to, not what a censor thinks you should be exposed to, it’s ridiculous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freedom of speech and expression is one of the most important rights that we have in this country. Our forefathers knew this and acknowledged this in our great constitution which protects our rights as citizens in America. Censorship is a complete contradiction to this concept that has helped make America the greatest country in the world. If we do not stand up for our rights for free speech, someday it may be taken away all together. Everyday there are people out there trying to ban and censor things from Americans, things that as an American you have the right to view. Censorship must be stopped at all costs.

Communication and Customer Service Essay

The time that I was not satisfied with a service is the time I rented movies at the local video store. My problem had nothing to with the experience or how I was treated during my rental. My complaint came the day after when I returned the movies. When I return movies I always bring them back hours before they are due and I either put them in the back drop off or the front drop off, I rarely go into the store to return them. It was around 1pm when the movies were returned and later on that day I got a phone call from the video store around 7pm with a message that my rentals were late. I told the employee that I returned them in the back drop off and to check it. Well this same type of situation happened to me 3 weeks in a row. The 3rd time was the last straw so the next time I rented videos I made a complaint and told them how I felt and where I always drop the movies off when I return them. The complaint I made was delivered in a nice, peaceful verbal manner. Since then I have no problems with getting phone calls for movies that aren’t late. I spoke to the employee directly so therefor I didn’t send them an email about my complaint. If I did send an email it would be an assertive communication style email. It would be written professional and state my expectations of the company. I would not label or judge anyone or the company in any way in the email.

Food Security

Kirsten Highsmith February 1,2013 Eng & Humanities 2-1 Etymology Imperialism 1. (Noun): A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force; (Noun) The system, policies, or practices of such a government; (noun) an instance or policy of aggressive behaviour by one state against another 2. Imperialism originated in 1826 in a Napoleonic context, â€Å"advocacy of empire,†also of Rome and of British foreign policy, from imperial and -ism. At times in British usage with a neutral or positive sense relating to national interests or the spread of the benefits of Western civilization. . Imperialism is still in use. 4. Although Imperialism originated in 1826 it was first recorded 1878. It was picked up in Communist jargon by 1918. The term Imperialism applied to Western political and economic dominance in the 19th and 20th centuries. (etymonline. com) 5. A modern, interesting use of the word is that â€Å"Imperialism† is the name of a turn- based Strategy video game. Matrix 1. (Noun): An environment or material in which something develops; (Noun): A mass of fine-grained rock in which gems, crystals, or fossils are embedded; (Archaic)The womb; Archaic)The formative cells or tissue of a fingernail, toenail, or tooth; (Noun) A rectangular array of numeric or algebraic quantities subject to mathematical operations 2. Matrix originates from the Latin, female animal used for breeding, parent plant, from matr-, mater. Its first known use is 1555. Its also from the Old French word matrice. 3. Matrix is still in use, except for the third definition listed above. 4. â€Å"Matrix† is the Latin word for womb, and it retains that sense in English. It can also mean more generally any place in which something is formed or produced. The term â€Å"matrix† for an rray of numeric or algebraic quantities subject to mathematical operations was introduced in 1850 by James Joseph Sylvester. (ualr. edu) 5. A modern or interesti ng use of the term â€Å"Matrix† is that â€Å"Matrix† is the name of the brand new 2012 Toyota sports Car Sugar 1. (noun): A sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants; (noun):Used as a term of endearment or an affectionate form of address; (noun): A psychoactive drug in the form of white powder 2. Sugar first originated in the late 13 century, â€Å"sugre†, from Old French. Its Medieval Latin word was succarum, and its Arabic word being sukkar 3. Sugar is still in use. . Sugars Old World home was India and it remained exotic in Europe until the Arabs began to cultivate it in Sicily and Spain; not until after the Crusades did it begin to rival honey as the West's sweetener. 5. A modern or interesting use of the term sugar is that it is the name of a American alternative rock band which was first formed in 1992. Necromancer 1. (noun): A person who practices necromancy; a wizard or magician 2. Necromancer originated in c. 1300, from the Old French w ord nigromansere, 3. Necromancer is still in use. 4. The word necromancer is adapted from the word necromancy meaning a form of magic nvolving communication with the deceased. The word â€Å"necromancy† is adapted from Late Latin necromantia. Early necromancy volved from shamanism, which calls upon spirits such as the ghosts of ancestors. 5. A modern or interesting fact about the word necromancer is that in the popular video game Guild Wars a necromancer is a playable character who can call on the spirits of the dead, and even death itself, to overpower enemies and assist allies. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Dictionary. com. † Thesaurus. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 2. â€Å"Etymology. † Behind the Name:. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 3.EtymologyAbout Our Definitions: All Forms of a Word (noun, Verb, Etc. )Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 4. â€Å"Online Etymology Dictionary. † Online Etymology Dictionary. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 5. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. Kirsten Highsmith February 1, 2013 Humanities II 2-1 Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa Food Security can be translated into many different definitions. Webster’s definition of it is, â€Å"Food security refers to the availability of food in sufficient quantity in a safe and nutritious form and one's access to it for a healthy and active life. This definition for food security clearly sets out the different sections involved when discussing food security, globally. These sections include many different aspects of food security. For example: the physical availability of food, and economic access to food, and the sustainability of these aspects to deliver adequate levels of food security. â€Å"In Sub-Saharan Africa today, almost 33 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa lack sufficient food security†( â€Å"Achieving Food Security in Africa: Challenges and Issues†1). The region of Africa as a whole remains constant to frequent food crises and famines hich are triggered by droughts, floods, and economic downturns. Food Security in sub-Saharan African households has been lowered because of the countries inability to produce the right resources to import food. Sub-Saharan Africa is dependent on agriculture which is most vulnerable to climate change making many methods of development futile but few methods supply satisfactory results. The use of agriculture can improve food security in sub-Saharan Africa by changing to different farming techniques such as using mulching, composting and crop rotation. Mulching in Africa can help improve food security in a multitude of ways. Mulches are materials placed over the soil surface to maintain moisture†(treesaregood). By using mulching plants and vegetables are able to contain moisture even under extreme weather conditions. This is beneficial to Sub-Saharan Africa because of the many droughts they get, it is har der for plants and vegetables to grow and soon end up dying. By maintaining water plants are able to grow healthier and stronger. Water conservation is not the only thing mulching can help with. â€Å"Coupled with conserving moisture mulching prevents the compression and crusting of the soil aused by watering, and rain†( Russell). Because of the unpredictable rain in the Sub-Saharan, the soil is compressed and losses water which leads to the drying out and crusting of plants. By using mulching it helps stops moisture from traveling up through the soil, and leaving behind the dissolved minerals as a crust which would have blocked the plants from growing to the surface. Mulches also provide food for earth worms. â€Å"Earthworms are a valuable resource in the garden, Earthworms tunnel deep into the soil allowing air and water to easily reach plant roots†( mulchingaround).By mulch attracting earthworms plants are able to obtain water and oxygen easier which allows the soi l to become richer and grow faster, which is exactly what the soil in the Sub-Saharan needs. Mulching helps improve food security by allowing plants and vegetables in the Sub-Saharan to grow at a faster rate which can be harvested and available more to different parts of the region. Tons of waste is generated through Africa and usually ends up in wastelands or turned into open dumps. Composting is an easy way of getting rid of waste in the Sub-Saharan and at the same time helping the environment. Composting is to fertilize with a mixture of decaying organic matter. †(Dictionary). Compost decomposes all the organic material and creates soil. By creating soil, it allows for a lot more room to plant and grown food making it widely available and easy to access. . â€Å"Small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and the entire African continent can improve yields by up to 100% through combining fertilizer micro dosing and manures application†( New Farming Techniques Help Impr ove Food Security). By adding different types of compost together farmers in the Sub-Saharan can help improve soil and plant growth by 00%, this percentage can drastically help improve food security all over the African region by using organic materials to help create compost. By using compost, Africa’s plant growth can improve by enriching the soil that it gets its nutrients from. â€Å"Compost also has the benefit of adding organic matter to the soil†( The New Vision for Agriculture: Transforming agriculture through collaboration). By adding organic material to soil it gives it the nutrients it needs to grow faster and helps contain water. There have also been new methods of composting called a â€Å"Compost toilet†. Composting toilets are toilet systems which treat human waste by composting and dehydration to produce a useable end-product that is a valuable soil additive†( What is a Composting Toilet? ). Compost toilets allow waste entering the toilet t o be evaporated into the atmosphere through the vent leaving amount of soil to be used as a natural fertilizer. As helpful as compost toilets are they are quite expensive which makes it harder for Sub-Saharan to use and can slowly but surely improve the food security issue. Crop rotation in sub-Saharan Africa isn’t anything new and has been allowing a more diverse roup of foods to grow which expands the choice of food. â€Å"A crop rotation is a series of different crops planted in the same field following a defined seasonal order† (merriam-webster). There is a wide diversity of cropping systems in sub-Saharan Africa. â€Å"A three years' trial was held in a farmers' field in Ghana to study the effect of sole crops â€Å"crops that are grown alone† compared to conventional crop rotation†( Magdoff). The studies showed that crop rotation allowed a faster growing and more diverse choice of food by using crop rotation. Through rotations, labor is educed and b etter distributed throughout the year allowing for a more organized labor structure. â€Å"Crop rotation can also balance the production of residues by alternating crops that produce few and or short-lived residues†(Toensmeier). This allows a lesser amount residues left over and allows them to be removed. With more residue removed it easier to grow more plants as well. â€Å"Many crops may have positive effects on succeeding crops in the rotation, leading to greater production overall†(Kroeck). Because of the positives effects of crop rotation sub-Saharan Africa has made it one of its number one food security support methods.By allowing greater production crop rotation allows for better access to food and availability which increase the amount of food security in the Sub-Saharan and other counties. There are many different reasons why Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from low food security one of them being the effect of greenhouse gases on the environment. â€Å"Greenhouse gas emissions per person from urban waste management activities are greater in sub-Saharan African countries than in other developing countries, and are increasing as the population becomes more urbanized†( waste management through composting in Africa). As Africa becomes more rbanized the waste becomes greater and harder to contain. The waste from greenhouse gasses effects the agriculture making it hard to grow food, which lowers its food security even more. Climate change also plays a huge role in agriculture. â€Å"African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change because of their dependence on rain fed agriculture, high levels of poverty†(Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture). Because of the ever changing climate and the dependence on rain, it makes agriculture hard to become fully sufficient, if the crops aren’t getting enough rain and minerals needed.Manpowered labor is a necessity in increasing food security through agriculture. â€Å"It is to be expected that the HIV/AIDS epidemic will cause serious damage to the agriculture sector in those countries, especially in countries that rely heavily on manpower for production. †( V. IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE). Because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic many farmers and workers have become ill and unable to produce crops which leads to declining yields and agriculture production. The reduction of production because of HIV/AIDS in Africa has led to food insecurity. After researching the food security situation in sub-Saharan Africa and food security in ther countries the research shows that they cannot improve if more attention and support is not given to agriculture development. By using crop rotation, mulching and composting, farmers can cultivate their farms and use the same plots in repeatedly. Crop rotation allows for a more diverse choice of food and greater production overall. Mulching conserves moisture and improves the fertility and health of the soil. Composting is used as a soil conditioner and natural fertilizer. One major benefit of these farming methods is that it allows people to stop using slash and burn cultivation.Agriculture can be the basis for solid and diversified economic growth. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Agriculture and Food Security | World Economic Forum – Agriculture and Food Security. † Agriculture and Food Security. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 2. â€Å"Compost. † Organics South Africa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 3. â€Å"CSIRO. † Facing Africa's Food Security Challenges. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 4. Devereux, Stephen, and Simon Maxwell. Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: ITDG, 2001. Print. 5. â€Å"Economist Intelligence Unit. † Global Food Security Index. N. p. , n. d.Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 6. â€Å"New Farming Techniques Help Improve Food Security. † New Farming Techniques Help Improve Food Security. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 7. â€Å"New Farming Techniques He lp Improve Food Security. † Solomon Times Online RSS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 8. â€Å"SECTION I: SOIL COMPACTION-CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. † Soil Compaction: Causes, Effects, and Control. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. 9. â€Å"Reusing Organic Solid Waste in Urban Farming in African Cities: A Challengefor Urban Planners. † Urban Agriculture in West Africa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.