Youth Crime 1 Essay Example Essay Example

Youth Crime 1 Essay Example Paper Youth Crime 1 Essay Introduction Still one of the most pressing matters dealt in the society today is juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is referred to as the criminal acts which were done by juveniles or young people (Siegel, 2003). In different areas and different systems, there are specific measures employed to address and take action on these specific acts. There are prescribed methods like juvenile detention centers in whch they attend to and respond to these young people who committed such criminal acts. But what are the causes of juvenile acts? What essentially is youth crime? Youth Crime In recent years, youth crime has gained the attention of not just the media but politicians as well. This is for the fact that criminal acts committed by young people have increased drastically over the years (Mulvey, 1993). Youth crime could be defined as an antisocial behavior which is beyond to that extent of parental control and which then subjected to legal matters (Brown, 1998). Youth crime could also be viewed as a criminal act done by a minor or a juvenile with the exemption to the punishment of death or even to that of life sentence. Youth Crime 1 Essay Body Paragraphs Youth crime could an indicating factor of the state of morality prevalent in a country or in a specific location. The different types and levels of youth crime could be a reflector of the type of law and order that could be found in a specific location or even a country. The study of youth crime and the different factors and theories concerned in this topic would be of great importance especially since the perpetrators of these acts are actually aged Youth Crime 2 between fifteen up to twenty five. It could also be a warning seeing as adult criminals could have just evolved from juvenile delinquents themselves. Theories on Youth Crime There are various theories that are trying to explain the causes of youth crime: what forces or influences a young individual to result to such acts. The rational choice theory focuses on the individual’s free will and as well as his/her personal responsibility. The rational theory states that people weigh up the pros and cons of committing a cri me, and offend when the former outweigh the latter (Farrington, 2002). Although this story focuses on the individual behavior, there are still distinguishable deficiencies that could be seen. The theory does not clearly expound on why the individual would want to choose to commit the crime. Another is that the rational theory does not provide a comparison in other areas concerned such as the difference between the propensities of an individual and a group of people to commit crime. Also when taking an individual’s behavior in relation to crime, his or her self control as well as conscience should be taken into account. These factors are often influenced by societal conditions as well as parental control. Another deficiency that could be distinguished is that this theory does not clearly draw the line between why young people decide to commit crime apart from other people. It also does not take into account that an individual’s behavior could just be the product of the circumstances and situations prevalent in his surroundings. Apart from the rational choice theory another theory proposes to explain the criminal tendencies of a young individual. In this theory, the individual’s cultural as well as his/her socio- Youth Crime 3 economic environment in which he/she might have been exposed to are also taken into account. The situations in the environment and the degree and way in which the individual is exposed to are given attention. The social organization theory tries to relate the societal conditions to a person’s tendency to commit crime. For the strain theory on the other hand, it focused on the aspect of poverty in relation to an individual’s propensity to commit crime. This theory tries to explain that for example an individual has a poor educational attainment, trying to get the wealth as well as the authority legitimately for his case is very difficult thus the individual results to criminal means in order for him/her to achieve such things. The limitation to this theory is that even though young people may come from low-income families it could not necessarily be directly linked to having poor educational attainment. Also, there are instances where young people in different income families have also committed crimes. It could also be argued that most of the youth crimes at present are just not motivated or concerned with economic means. This theory was unsuccessful in trying to explain why young individuals result to violent crimes which have been of great concern to the society nowadays. Apart from the economic aspect of an individual’s propensity to commit crime, other theories try to explain a youth’s tendency to result to criminal acts by taking a look at culture. The subculture theory proposes that when a young individual has failed to gain a socially valued status, he or she has the tendency to result to deviant or delinquent behaviors. This could be due to the fact that an ind ividual may not uphold the same values which are socially acceptable for the environment he is in. One drawback is that there is no clear line as to how young individuals are provoked differently from that of adult criminals. Youth Crime 4 Two other theories seek to explain a young individual’s propensity to commit crime. The differential association theory tackles young individuals in relation to their peer groups. This theory focuses on the pressure at times implies or imposed upon by peer groups which could force a young person to commit crime. If a young person would be exposed with a group associated in committing crimes, there is a high tendency for that young person to commit crimes as well. The other theory, label theory, states that if a young individual would be dubbed as criminal he would likely tend to develop a propensity in committing crimes. There are various theories which try to explain youth’s propensity to commit crimes. More importantly apart from o ne’s behavior, we could see that the societal conditions in which a young individual is exposed to also play a vital part in influencing one young individual. â€Å"Male† youth crime Majority of the youth crimes committed are said to be done by young males. There are various suggestions as to why males have the tendency to commit crimes compared to that of females (Eadie Morley, 2003). For one, the idea of masculinity contributes essentially to this phenomenon. In most societies, one’s masculinity is greatly associated with being powerful, aggressive and even tough. Being competitive as well as being daring also comes with being masculine. In the even that young men are trying to display and show off these qualities, there is also the propensity for committing crimes. Apart from the concept of masculinity, how others view and treat them may just also be a contributing factor as to how they behave. Youth Crime 5 Felony deterrence The prevention of youth felony i s a very pressing matter as well as a very broad topic to discuss. There are many aspects to be taken into account when trying to lessen and even avoid youth crime. There is the question regarding to that of youth welfare as well as the punishments to be employed to those who have committed such felony. Different institutions such as the government and other concerned agencies are exerting their efforts in developing programs which could help young people from committing criminal acts. The question of veering young people away from criminal acts arises with the idea of welfare and punishment for them (Eadie, 2003). Welfare mainly deals with good fortune as well a person’s well being while punishment is penalty or a form of retribution for something illegally done or is not morally acceptable. In dealing with crime, these two areas have as much argument in each of their cases. Advocating for the welfare of a young individual has always been the thrust of various concerned inst itutions if not the government itself. There is a strong argument that if the child or the youth’s welfare particularly his well-being and other various concerns related to it is pushed for there is a chance that a youth’s tendency for committing crime could be controlled if not eliminated. Welfare is concerned in trying to employ the rights prearranged for young people. It deals with trying to provide with them as much as the essential things they need in order for them to develop a positive perspective making them less susceptible in having the propensity to commit crime. Welfare is more on trying to nurture and develop the child’s attitude and behavior into a positive and more acceptable one. Youth Crime 6 Yet the question of trying to draw the line between wrong acts comes in. In this case, it is punishment. Although in youth crime, there is the tendency to look into the perpetrator and the root causes rather than such acts, it is also essential to question the punishment concerned in youth crime. As much sensitive as it is to put young people into penalties and other types of punishments, there are arguments which tries to put the light on the crimes actually committed by these young people and what they are capable of. It could not be denied that as young as the perpetrators are, the felony or crime they committed is just as grave. In taking justice into the picture, there is the question of even as young as the responsible one is, if the crime is just as grave, it could not be denied that a certain form of punishment must be employed to address such act. The question of how to punish young people comes in. In some areas, there are corresponding punishments for young people who commit criminal acts. In any case, the punishments for young people are always subjected to scrutiny for its delicate nature and the people involved in the case. The nature of punishment for young people is always in question for the different factors that com e into play especially in a young individual’s propensity for committing crimes. Youth crime in perspective Considering the different theories that try to explain a young individual’s propensity for committing crime, we could clearly see that behavior and attitude are not the only contributing Youth Crime 7 factors. There are actually more theories that focused on the young person’s exposure to his/her external environment in relation for their tendencies to commit crime. The culture, socio-economic environment as well the peer group and even the society’s views of the individual could play a big part in one’s tendencies for delinquency as well as deviant behavior. There are also other risk factors that contribute to one’s tendency for committing illegal acts. These are an individual’s intelligence, responsiveness and even the level of parental control and discipline on the child. A young individual’s family could also have a big influence when it comes to a person’s behavior. In talking about youth crime, it is essential to see and observe the different factors that come with young people’s propensity for committing crime. In a crucial stage such as being a youth, apart from their own personal choice, societal conditions have a big impact towards their behavior and emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Crime 1 Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Crime 1 Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Crime 1 Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

D-Day invasion essays

D-Day invasion essays From 1941to 1944, American and the Allies pursued their goal of defeating Germany first. Their strategy rested on a key assumption that there would ultimately have to be a massive invasion of Northwest Europe, at the heart of the Axis empire. By creating this second front in Europe, German pressure on the Soviet Union would be reduced and Germany would be trapped between the Soviets in the east and the American and British in the west. The Germans anticipated the attack and knew it would determine the wars outcome. What they didnt know was precisely when and where the Allies would strike. Fortification of the coast of Northwest Europe was underway. The success on the battlefield and production in the factories made it possible to begin formal planning of this momentous operation in 1943 and became known as Operation Overlord. American general, Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed as the leader of the seven men (three Americans and four British) who were the masterminds behind the operation. A key part of the success of D-Day rested on keeping Germany from knowing exactly when and where the assault would take place. American and British bombers carried out raids farther north days before the actual invasion in order to deceive the Germans. The plan entailed landing nine divisions of sea and airborne troops, over 150,000 men, along a 50-mile stretch in Normandy, France in just 24 hours known as D-Day. Six divisions would assault five codenamed landing beaches. The Utah Beach was assigned to the U.S. 4th Division. The U.S. 29th and 1st would land at Omaha Beach. Further east, the British 50th Division would assault Gold Beach and the 3rd Division would take Sword Beach. The Canadian 3rd Division would attack Juno Beach. The troops had military training in Britain to prepare them for the invasion. The date for the invasion had been set at May 17 but bad weather forced Eisenhower to delay ...

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be The first Impressionist exhibition took place from April 15 to May 15, 1874. Led by the French artists Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, they called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. Thirty artists displayed 165 works at the photographer Nadars former studio at 35 Boulevard des Capucines. The building was modern and the paintings were modern: pictures of contemporary life painted in a technique that looked unfinished to the art critics and the general public. And, the works were on sale! Right there. (Although they had to remain on view for the duration of the show.) Louis Leroy, a critic for Le Charivari, entitled his nasty, satirical review Exhibition of Impressionists which was inspired by Claude Monets painting Impression: Sunrise, 1873. Leroy meant to discredit their work. Instead, he invented their identity. However, the group did not call themselves Impressionists until their third show in 1877. They were also called the Independents and the Intransigents, which implied political activism. Pissarro was the only avowed anarchist. Participants in the First Impressionist Exhibition Zacharie AstrucAntoine-Ferdinand AttenduÉdouard Bà ©liardEugà ¨ne BoudinFà ©lix BraquemondÉdouard BrandonPierre-Isidore BureauAdolphe-Fà ©lix CalsPaul Cà ©zanneGustave ColinLouis DebrasEdgar DegasJean-Baptiste Armand GuillauminLouis LaToucheLudovic-Napolà ©on LepicStanislas LepineJean-Baptiste-Là ©opold LevertAlfred MeyerAuguste De MolinsClaude MonetMademoiselle Berthe MorisotMulot-DurivageJoseph DeNittisAuguste-Louis-Marie OttinLà ©on-Auguste OttinCamille PissarroPierre-Auguste RenoirStanislas-Henri RouartLà ©opold RobertAlfred Sisley

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation Essay

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on chronic pain in cancer patients - Essay Example A randomised controlled trial 17 3. Chapter Three: Preliminary Literature Review 19 3.1 Progressive Muscle Relaxation 19 3.1.1Complete sequences of progressive muscle relaxation 20 3.2 Synthesis 23 Bibliography 26 Appendixes 29 Appendix 1 Time Table 29 Appendix 2 30 Abstract The proposed research for this study will discuss the progressive muscle relaxation and its techniques along with the effect that it has on chronic pain in patients with cancer. The techniques discussed can have a significant impact on reducing and relaxing chronic pain in patients with cancer. The research for this study will be conducted through an examination of secondary research as relevant literature provides valuable information and knowledge about PMR and its impact on chronic pain. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction Pain is the eternal companion of mankind, with medical practitioners spending a great deal of their time assessing and finding ways to alleviate pain. Chronic pain is extremely common i n patients with cancer, especially those who are found in stage IV of the disease. Pain can be divided into four types of intensity: weak, moderate, sever, and very severe. All analgesic therapy in cancer patients is based on the use of non-narcotic, narcotic, and support (adjuvant) drugs, the use of which forms the basis of a three-step approach to pain management which was developed and proposed by the world health organization. It is estimated that one third of all cancer patients suffer from moderate to severe pain related to their cancer and over 50% of patients diagnosed with cancer suffer from some form of pain. The most common types of pain related to cancer are due to the cancer tumor and the treatment. Unlike those who suffer from chronic pain that is unrelated to cancer, those with cancer experience pain in more than on area; the pain can be both acute and chronic and often varies in presentation. Pain is associated with the consequences of changes in psychosocial relatio nships, decreased quality of life, and increased rates of depression and anxiety (Melzack 2005, p. 971-979). Unfortunately, patients and providers often find that pharmacologic therapy does not completely control pain associated with cancer. Pharmacologic management of pain often comes with side effects such as nausea, constipation, drowsiness, pruritus, sedation, and delirium. Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, including mind-body techniques, are often sought out. Mind-body therapies are recommended in addition to pharmacological approaches for cancer patients experiencing pain. 1.2 Background/Justification Cancer pain is a complex phenomenon that often occurs due to tumor progression and related pathology, surgery or other invasive procedures. Toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation can significantly contribute to that pain as well as infection which all lead to a multidimensional model of cancer pain that can include the five components of: (1) physiologic (o rganize etiology of the pain); (2) sensory (intensity, location, quality); (3) affective (depression and anxiety); (4) cognitive (the meaning attached to the pain); and (5) behavioral (activity level, analgesic

How Leaders Are Leading In The 21st Century Essay

How Leaders Are Leading In The 21st Century - Essay Example Otherwise, it should be rarely utilized as it greatly undercuts existing job satisfaction and staff morale. Pace setting as a style enables the leadership set the trend/ pace on which the staff can emulate. However, it should be used sparingly as it often leads to loss of morale and the ‘poisoning’ of the working climate. Democratic leadership style draws upon the prevailing workforce skill-sets, knowledge and expertise thus creating both individual and group commitment to set goals. It is most optimal in situational contexts where the organizational direction envisaged is unclear necessitating collective input. However, it is disastrous during periods of crisis that require urgent decision-making (Martindale, 2011). In affiliative style, the emphasis is placed upon teamwork thereby creating group harmony. It is essential in improving communication, teamwork, morale, harmony, and trust. This style is best used in a complementary manner with either of the other five. Coaching as a style focuses on the development of through one-on-one relationships. Through improvement of individual performance, optimal conditions for teamwork are achieved eventually helping connect individual goals to those of the organization as a whole. Care should be taken to strive in highlighting restraint, as this may be negatively perceived as equating to the micro-management of employees (Zhu, Irene & William, 2005). This may eventually undermine their self-confidence thereby negatively affecting their morale and overall output.

Example of Bullwhipp Effect Essay Example for Free

Example of Bullwhipp Effect Essay The Barilla company, a major pasta producer located in Italy provides a demonstrative of issues resulting from the bullwhip effect. Barilla offered special discounts to their customer who ordered full truckload of their goods. Such marketing deals created customer demand-patterns were highly peaked and volatile. The supply chain costs were so high that they outstripped the benefits from full truckload transportation. The Barilla case was one of the first published cases that empirically supported the bullwhip phenomenon. The 5 major reasons leading to the bullwhip effect according to Lee: Demand signal processing is the is the practice of decision makers adjusting the parameters of the inventory replenishment rule. Target stock levels, safety stocks and demand forecasts are updated in view of information or deviations from targets. Another major cause of the bullwhip problem is the lead-time, which is caused by two components. The physical delays and also delays in cause of information. The lead-time is a key parameter to calculate safety stocks. The third bullwhip creator is the practice of order batching. Economies of scale in ordering, production set-ups or transportation will quite clearly increase order variability. The fourth major cause of bullwhip is highlighted by Lee has to do with price fluctuations. Price discounts and quantity discounts are often offered by retailers. So the retailers buy goods in advance and quantities and store them. This do not reflect their immediate needs. The fifth cause of bullwhip is connected with rationing and shortage gaming. Inflated orders placed by supply chain occupants during shortage periods tend to boost the bullwhip effect. Possibilities to minimize the bullwhip effect (in order to avoid costs): improve communication in the supply chain simultaneousness of actions (therefore time delays and reaction times can be avoided) centralization of disposition establish strategic alliances reduce the variability

The City of the Sun :: Essays Papers

The City of the Sun In Tommaso Campanella’s document, The City of the Sun, a new social order is introduced amongst the Solarians. Campanella presents his readers with a utopian society that is ordered by rationality and reason. This ideal visionary is a redeemed world, free from injustice and competition in the market structure. Campanella, however, grew up in a society that was exploited and based on irrational principles. Campanella, therefore, reconstructs a society that operates in opposition to the one that he considers to be corrupt and irrational. The document, The City of the Sun, can be used to critically compare the social and political order that exists today. Moreover, Campanella’s work reveals the weaknesses that exist in today’s society and its structure. One characteristic of this utopian society is its system of meritocracy. In this system, positions of power are determined by one’s ability and excellence; factors such as gender or social class do not result in positions of leadership. For example, leaders and ministers are chosen according to which individuals learn the greatest number of skills and practices them best. Individuals who work extremely hard and acquire knowledge are judged to have the greatest nobility. Moreover, the Solarians have a Prince Prelate called Sun. Sun is elected by knowing a significant amount of information in diverse academic fields. For example, he must know all the mechanical arts and the mathematical, physical, and astrological sciences. In his dialogue, Campanella stresses the importance of acquiring knowledge in this ideal city. He demonstrates this by describing the position of the Prince Prelate: â€Å"Once appointed, his tenure lasts until someone with greater knowledge and greater ability to rule is discovered (Campanella 45)†. Therefore, those who wish to live in great power, must strive for this achievement in the area of academics. Also, ones level of knowledge determines the pursuit of happiness an individual will receive in the city of the Sun. The Solarians are granted the opportunity to alter their status if they desire, and live a life according to their standards. Campanella directly criticizes the society he grew up in by stating in his dialogue, why the Solarians mock the material world for the way it is structured: Thus they laugh at us because we consider craftsmen ignoble and assign nobility to those who are ignorant of every craft and live in idleness, keeping a host of dissolute and idle servants about them to the great detriment of the state (Campanella 43).

Research & Writing Memo

Student ID # 105228 5/30/2009 We can probably show that Brett arrested Jane. Arrest is an element of false imprisonment. Arrest means confinement against one’s will. An arrest can be affected through physical constraint as well as through personal coercion (its equivalent). When a store employee detains something of value that a reasonable patron would not leave without, the patron has been coerced and thus arrested. In this case, because Brett took Jane’s dog (something no reasonable person would leave behind), Jane was likely arrested. The elements of false imprisonment are intent to confine, arrest, and consciousness of confinement.In Moore v. City of Detroit, 252 Mich. App. 384, 652 N. W. 2d 688 (2002), the court held that an action for false imprisonment can be maintained without alleging a false arrest involving government law enforcement. The court reasoned that the employee was not actually confined or restrained for any significant period of time which is requi red in satisfying a false imprisonment claim. The court stated that even if the employee had been locked in some enclosure, the confinements were momentary and fleeting or too brief and therefore insufficient to satisfy false imprisonment.An arrest must be against the will of the person confined; a patron who voluntarily follows a store employee back into the store is not arrested. In Bruce v. Meijers Supermarkets INC. , 34 Mich. App. 352, 191 N. W. 2d 132 (1971), a customer was shopping at Meijer’s in Lansing Michigan. Customer places two pairs of panties in her cart and continues shopping. Customer then places both pairs of panties on a counter other than where she found them. Customer checked out with the cashier. Customer leaves the store. Unidentified man approaches the customer.Unidentified man asks customer where she put the unpaid for panties which the man had seen in her cart while in the store. Customer assumed that the unidentified man was an employee of the store. Unidentified man repeatedly asked customer to return to the store. Customer was feeling ill. Customer wanted to leave. Customer said her children would be coming home for lunch. Customer voluntarily opened her purse and her clothing to prove that she did not take the panties. Customer estimates that she had been questioned for approximately five minutes. Customer voluntarily follows the man back inside the store.Customer quickly finds the panties lying on the counter adjacent to the lingerie display. Customer leaves store without further ado. The court held that no arrest was made and false imprisonment cannot have occurred without an arrest. The court reasoned that nothing was being done to indicate that she was being taken into custody, or that she was being held for delivery to a peace officer to answer a criminal charge. Given what the unidentified man observed (customer placing the panties in her cart), entitled the unidentified man; acting as an agent of the owner, the right to question the customer.The customers’ voluntariness in following the man back into the store illustrates that her actions were carried out willingly & knowingly and shows no signs of manual seizure or coercion. Therefore the customer was not arrested. Like the customer in Bruce, Jane voluntarily followed the store clerk back into the store. However in our case, Jane had been purposely and knowingly coerced into her decision whereas the actions by the customer in Bruce were done willingly. For an arrest, there must be a manual seizure or its equivalent in some sort of personal coercion.Coercion means acting against the will of the customer. If there is no coercion, there is no arrest. The store clerk seized Jane’s dog (something of value), leaving Jane no choice but to follow. Unlike the case in Bruce, Jane’s actions were against her will and were therefore coerced. When a store employee detains something of value to a patron and the item detained is something a reasonable person would not leave without, the patron has been detained. In Clarke v. K Mart Corporation, 197 Mich. App. 541, 495 N. W. d 820 (1992), a customer and her two small children were shopping at K Mart in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Customer purchased a set of bed sheets among other things. The cashier accidentally rang up the sheets twice. Cashier set sheets aside and voided the second transaction. Cashier placed sheets into customers’ bag. The cashier supervisor observed only the sheets being placed in the customers’ bag. Cashier supervisor did not notice the sheets being rung up. Cashier supervisor along with another co-supervisor approached customer.Customer claims the co-supervisor snatched the bag out of her hand. Co-supervisor alleges he took the bag out of the customers shopping cart. The supervisors confiscate $250 worth of purchased goods and notify the customer that they will be performing a routine package check. Customer was detained for ten or fif teen minutes. Supervisors gave $10 to customer for her inconvenience. The court held that by confiscating the $250 worth of purchased goods; the customer had been coerced into staying inside the store for 10 or 15 minutes and was therefore detained.The court reasoned that if a store owner, without any privilege, purposely prevents a customer from leaving by means of taking something of value from the customer and that customer reasonably remains in the store solely for the valuables, than that customer has been confined and therefore detained. Similar to our case at hand, both Jane as well as the customer in Clarke had been confined through the detainment of personal valuables. In Clarke, the detainment of expensive bed sheets ($250) proved to be enough coercion to satisfy a confinement.In our case however, it was Jane’s dog that had been detained. Now, although it may be impossible to value the dog at any specific dollar amount, any patron willing to purchase a dog will most likely view the purchase as an investment rather than a burden. On the other hand, the defense will argue that owning a dog may be more of a liability than asset because maintaining a dog is expensive and by detaining the dog, Jane would be better off financially. The defense may have a valid argument, yet a dog is not an inanimate object; it is a pet.Accordingly, if a customer won’t leave without their bed sheets as in Clarke, than certainly a customer will not leave without there pet. Any reasonable patron understands that a dog is a living creature and has feelings just as humans do. Any reasonable dog owner can understand the impact a pet can have on a person’s life and thus love their pet as if it were their own child. Obviously, it would be unconscionable to think that a reasonable person would leave their dog behind; they would act as Jane did.Jane’s decision to go back into the store was clearly against her will and was therefore coerced. An arrest can be affected either through physical constraint or personal coercion that is the equivalent of physical constraint. In Tumbarella v. Kroger Co. , 85 Mich. App. 482, 271 N. W. 2d 284 (1978), two police officers approached a customer who was also an employee for the store. The security officers asked customer where the money was. Customer indicated that she did not know what they were talking about. Officers then made menacing gestures toward the customer.Customer felt as if she was taken in custody. The officers’ threatened the customer with prosecution and jail. Customer felt restricted in her freedom both expressly and impliedly. The court held that the customer may seek nominal damages even if the officers had probable cause to believe the customer stole money from the store. The court reasoned that even if a shopkeeper suspects a person of taking without permission, the customers shoplifting does not give the shopkeeper the absolute privilege to detain the suspected shoplif ter.

Contingent Reward System

Contingent reward is a reward that should be given to staff members when they earn them, that is the principle of contingent rewards. (â€Å"Motivating others through,† 2011) This is a great way to get the desired effect when working with a staff that might not be motivated to get a task or assignment done. A trend in the United States is toward a larger portion of employees’ compensation to be provided in the form of â€Å"variable pay† such as bonuses and equity-based compensation. (â€Å"Motivating others through,† 2011)Being the manager at the fast food restaurant and having a difficult time motivating your employees to clean the facility every three hours will be an easy task, when you find the best way to motivate them. What I have come up with is a three part contingent reward program. The three steps are; Assign tasks to each employee †¢We will provide a handout to each team employee listing there areas they are responsible through out the mon th. †¢This allows them to plan for the tasks and assignment they will need to complete. †¢Each employee will get assignments based on there level of experience.As they move up in the company more tasks can be assigned. Manager/Head Manager checks daily on tasks †¢This is important part of the contingent reward system. †¢Every three hours the manager needs to verify that the task is done and make a note of it on a board where all the tasks for the month are represented. Reward †¢The reward is broken down per paycheck. Each completed task represents a certain percentage of additional money. †¢This will also be viewed quarterly for yet another possible percentage increase †¢So as the employees do there assigned task they are rewarded for that. If they do not do the task they will not receive the increase †¢It will also show they are not getting there tasks done on the big board oThis will service as a motivation as the team can see who is perform ing and who is not This is the concept that has been developed to help the employees to see the benefit of having a clean facility. With a clean facility and friendly staff there is a strong chance that the amount of customers will increase which in turn will affect profit. Reference Motivating others through goals and rewards. (2011, April 4). Retrieved from http://www. wright. edu/~scott. williams/LeaderLetter/motivating. htm

Internet Fraud - Searching for an Explanation essays

Internet Fraud - Searching for an Explanation essays In seeking some form of rational explanation to comprehend the underlying reasons for the widespread, relentless, annoying scams on the Internet, looking at the classic strain theory (CST) puts things into a helpful context. According to an article in Youth al., 1997), individuals engaged in any kind of wrongdoing - such as scams involving phony spam-spawned email promises on the World Wide Web - are very likely people who were (or are) unable to "achieve their goals." The dominant goal, as has been very obvious for many years, is "monetary success or middle class status." Significant segments of society, the journal article continues, "are said to be prevented from achieving this goal through legitimate channels" - and somehow, getting a good education, and doing an honest day's work and saving and investing for the future are concepts that haven't worked for this deviant segment. And so, certain of these individuals "employ illegitimate means to achieve their goals," such as theft, "striking out at others in their anger, or retreating into drug use." And in this particular case, fraud on the Web might be better As to the "Nigerian Money Offers" email scheme - which anyone with email has no doubt seen in their "in box" - the persons behind this phony presentation may be having success, and don't want to stop, or perhaps they can't stop - like the drug smuggler who needs to make "just one more run" to put money away for the future, and only then will he quit. It may be that a fairly young, Web-savvy, technology-empowered individual - or small group of friends - started the Nigerian letter scam with just a few mailings, to try to make money because he (or they) didn't have good enough grades to get into the college his parents wanted him to go to. Or didn't want to go to college and was hooked on drugs, and needed money to keep his ...

Interesting Facts About Laura Ingalls Wilder

Interesting Facts About Laura Ingalls Wilder Are you looking for interesting facts about Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House books? Generations of children have delighted in her stories. In her Little House books, Laura Ingalls Wilder Wilder shared stories based on her own life and provided a fascinating look at the daily life of a pioneer girl and her family in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Here are some interesting facts about the beloved author. A Real Pioneer Girl Laura really was a pioneer girl, living in Wisconsin Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa and Dakota Territory while she was growing up. Her Little House books are closely based on her life, but they are not an exact account; they are historical fiction rather than nonfiction. The Ingalls Family Laura Ingalls was born on February 7, 1867 near Pepin, Wisconsin, the child of Charles and Caroline Ingalls. Laura’s sister, Mary, was two years older than Laura and her sister, Carrie, was more than three years younger. When Laura was 8, her brother, Charles Frederic, was born. He died less than a year later. When Laura was 10, her sister, Grace Pearl, was born. Laura Grows Up After she passed the test and received her teaching certificate at the age of 15, Laura spent several years teaching school. On August 25, 1885, when Laura was 18, she married Almanzo Wilder. She wrote about his childhood in upstate New York in her Little House book Farmer Boy. The Difficult Years The first years of Almanzo and Laura’s marriage were very difficult and included illness, the death of their baby son, poor crops and a fire. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about those years in the last of her Little House books, The First Four Years, which was not published until 1971. Rose Wilder One joyous event in the early years was the birth of Laura and Almanzo’s daughter, Rose, in 1886. Rose grew up to be a writer. She is credited with helping to convince her mother to write the Little House books and helping with editing, although exactly how much is still somewhat in question. Rocky Ridge Farm After several moves, in 1894, Laura, Almanzo and Rose moved to Rocky Ridge Farm near Mansfield, Missouri, and there Laura and Almanzo remained until their deaths. It was at Rocky Ridge Farm that Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the Little House books. The first was published in 1932 when Laura was 65 years old. Laura Ingalls Wilder, Writer Laura did have some writing experience before she wrote the Little House books. In addition to working on their farm, Laura held several part-time writing jobs, including serving for more than a decade as as a columnist for Missouri Ruralist, a bimonthly farm paper. She also had articles in other publications, including Missouri State Farmer and St. Louis Star. The Little House Books In all, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote nine books that came to be known as â€Å"Little House† books. Little House in the Big WoodsFarmer BoyLittle House on the PrairieOn the Banks of Plum CreekBy the Shores of Silver Lake The Long WinterLittle Town on the PrairieThese Happy Golden YearsThe First Four Years The Laura Ingalls Wilder Award After four of the Little House Books won Newbery Honors, the American Library Association established the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award to honor authors and illustrators whose childrens books, published in the United State, have had a major impact on children’s literature. The first Wilder Award was awarded in 1954 and Laura Ingalls Wilder was the recipient. Other recipients have included: Tomie dePaola (2011), Maurice Sendak (1983), Theodor S. Geisel/Dr. Seuss (1980) and Beverly Cleary (1975). The Little House Books Live On Almanzo Wilder died on October 23, 1949. Laura Ingalls Wilder died on February 10, 1957, three days after her 90th birthday. Her Little House books had already become classics and Laura delighted in the responses of young readers to her books. Children all over the world, particularly 8 to 12 year olds, continue to enjoy and learn from Lauras stories of her life as a pioneer girl. Sources Bio.com: Laura Ingalls Wilder Biography, Laura Ingalls Wilder Award Home Page, HarperCollins: Laura Ingalls Wilder Biography Miller, John E., Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Woman Behind the Legend, University of Missouri Press, 1998

Gay Marriage Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gay Marriage Philosophy - Research Paper Example These arguments make gay marriage one of the largely unsettled issues in our society. And this issue will not likely be settled in the contemporary context where conservatives and liberals seem to be bound to contradict each other in almost all issues and points of discussion. This paper shall discuss the thesis: The government has no right to enact laws which ban marriage between individuals of the same gender. It shall clarify arguments for both sides of the issue and state which side of the issue is better defended. This topic is being discussed in the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive assessment of the issue. Discussion The provision of the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution which is relevant to this issue is in Section 1 which partly reads â€Å"†¦no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process o f law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws† (as cited by Cornell University, n.d). These provisions can be used as the basis for gay marriage being a constitutionally protected right. The right to marry between two consenting individuals of legal age can be justified under the right to equal protection of laws. There are however opposing arguments to the legal allowance given to gay marriage. An initial discussion of opposing argument shall be considered below. Against same-sex marriages Those who argue against the same-sex marriages argue that marriage is a legal union between a man and a woman, and as such, two men and two women cannot be afforded the same protection as a man and a woman seeking to marry (Zambrowicz, 1994). Various courts have also cited technical and dictionary meanings of marriages which indicate that it is a union of a man and a woman, and there is no mention of same-sex unions in these definitions. Other opponents to same-sex marriage also set forth that based on the laws today, gay marriages are an oxymoron; meaning, it is an act which does not exist because the legal mandate is still based on the union of man and woman (Duncan, 1996). The argument against gay marriages is also largely based on tradition – a global tradition that gay marriages are largely prohibited in most countries of the world. The US will not likely be the first nation in the world which shall discard the concept of traditional marriages; it will not likely be the first state to express that gay marriages are as important as heterosexual marriages (Willett, 1997). References to traditions and customs were also seen in the case of Jones v. Hallahan where the state expressly stated that marriage is the union of a man and a woman. Same-sex marriage has consistently been disallowed by the courts, with these courts further arguing that marriages must be between a man and a woman (Willett, 1997). Another argument establ ished by opponents to same-sex marriage is that these marriages are basically tied in with procreation. The inability of procreation between same-sex marriages negates support for the institution (Franke, 2006). In the case of Singer v. Hara, the court established that denying marriage licenses to two male parties was not considered gender discrimination, however, it was based on the state’